Unit 3 Test Flashcards
Ch 8, 9, and 10
1
Q
Neurons and Neural tissue
A
2 kinds of cells that make up the nervous system p 194
2
Q
central nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord p 193
3
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
all nerves and ganglia (all nervous tissue) outside the CNS p 193
4
Q
sensory (afferent) division
A
conducts action potentials from sensory receptors to the CNS p 193
5
Q
motor (efferent) nervous system
A
conducts action potential away from the CNS to effector organs such as muscles and glands p 193
6
Q
somatic nervous system
A
transmits action potentials from the CNS to skeletal muscles p 193
7
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
transmits action potentials from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands p 194
8
Q
enteric nervous system
A
unique subdivision of the peripheral nervous system which has both sensory and motor neurons contained wholly within the digestive tract. It can function without input from the CNS or PNS, but is normally integrated. p 194
9
Q
cell body
A
contains nucleus, extensive rough ER, golgi apparatus, mitochondria. large numbers of neurofilaments (intermediate) and microtubules organize the cytoplasm into distinct areas. p 194
10
Q
dendrites
A
short, highly branching cytoplasmic extensions tapered from their base at the neuron cell body to their tips. usually receive information from other neurons or sensory receptors and transmit the information toward the cell body p 194
11
Q
axons
A
single long cell process extending from the cell body, has a uniform diameter and can be a few mm to more than a meter long
Axons of sensory neurons conduct action potentials towards the CNS, and axons of motor neurons conduct action potentials away from the CNS
May be unbranched or branch to form collateral axons p 194
12
Q
axon hillock
A
where the axon leaves the cell body p 194
13
Q
multipolar neurons
A
many dendrites and an axon p 195
14
Q
bipolar neurons
A
one dendrite and an axon, in sensory organs like retina and nasal cavity. p 195
15
Q
pseudo-unipolar neurons
A
appears to have an axon and no dendrites, located in most sensory organs p 195
16
Q
neurolgia
A
non neural cells, more numerous than neurons, retain ability to divide p 195
17
Q
astrocytes
A
major supporting cells in CNS, provide structure regulate neural signaling contribute to blood brain barrier help repair neural tissue p 195
18
Q
microglia
A
small mobile cells that protect CNS from infection, phagocytic in response to inflammation p 195
19
Q
oligodendrocytes
A
form myelin sheaths around axons or enclose unmyelinated axons in CNS p 195
20
Q
Schwann cells
A
form myelin sheaths around axons or enclose unmyelinated axons in PNS p 195
21
Q
satellite cells
A
?? look at PPT
22
Q
myelined axons
A
have sheaths of oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells wrapped around them increases speed and efficiency of the action potentials along the axon p 197
23
Q
unmyelined axons
A
rest in indentations of oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells p 197
24
Q
Nodes of Ranvier
A
gaps the the myelin sheath between oligodendrocytes or Swann cells p 197
25
gray matter
groups of cell bodies and dendrites where there is little myelin p 197
26
white matter.
bundles of parallel axon with their myelin sheaths p 197
27
nerve tracts
conduction pathways formed by white matter of the CNS which propagate action potentials from one area of the CNS to another p 197
28
ganglion
in the PNS a cluster of neuron cell bodies p 197
29
nerves
bundles of axons and their connective tissue in the PNS p 197
30
resting membrane potential
the uneven charge distribution in a restin/unstimulated cell p 197
31
polarized
uneven distribution of charge across the cell membrane p 197
32
leakage channels
always open for ions to leak across the membrane down their concentration gradient p 197
33
gated channels
closed until opened by specific signals p 197
34
chemically gated channels
opened by neurotransmitters or other chemicals p 198
35
voltage gated channels
opened by a change in membrane potential p 198
36
blood-brain barrier
astrocytes participate with blood vessel endothelium to form a barrier between blood and the CNS p 195
37
ependymal cells
line fluid filled cavities in the CNS, some produce cerebrospinal fluid and others have cilia that move cerebrospinal fluid through the CNS p 195
38
sodium potassium pump
compensates for the constant leakage of ions across the membrane--maintains greater concentration of Na+ outside the cell and K+ inside, consumes 70% of the ATP in a neuron p 198
39
excitable cells
resting membrane potential changes in response to a stimulus that activates gated ion channels, muscle and nerve cells p 198
40
local current
movement of Na+ through chemically gated channels p 199
41
depolarization
local current causes the inside of the cell membrane to become positive p 199
42
local potential
depolarization results in local potential p 199
43
threshhold
large enough local potential to cause voltage gated channels to open, most often at the axon hillock p 200
44
action potential
depolarization and repolarization p 200
45
Hyperpolarization
at the end of repolarization the charge briefly becomes more negative than the resting potential p 200
46
All-of-none
if the threshold is reached, and action potential occurs, if not then no action potential occurs p 200
47
Continuous conduction
in unmyelinated axons the action potential in one part of a cell membrane stimulates local currents in adjacent parts of the cell membrane. Those local currents in the adjacent membrane produce an action potential. The action potential is conducted along the entire axon p 200
48
Salutatory conduction
in myelinated axons the action potential at one node of Ranvier causes local current to flow through the extracellular fluid and through the cytoplasm of the axon to the next node, stimulating an action potential at the next node. Action potentials jump from one node to the next. It increases conduction velocity p 200
49
Synapse
a junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron or with the cells of an effector neuron p 200
50
Presynaptic terminal
end of axon
51
Postsynaptic membrane
membrane of the dendrite or the effector cell
52
Neurotransmitters
chemical
53
Synaptic cleft
space separating presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes
54
Synaptic vesicles
stores neurotransmitters in presynaptic terminal
55
Acetylcholine (Ach)
neurotransmitter
56
Norepinephrine
neurotransmitter
57
Acetylcholinesterace
enzyme breaks down neurotransmitter
58
Describe the continuous conduction of an action potential in an unmyelinated axon.
.
59
Describe the saltatory conduction of an action potential in a myelinated axon.
.
60
Describe the factors that contribute to the generation of the resting membrane potential.
.
61
Describe the action of the sodium-potassium pump.
.
62
Describe how a voltage gated channel works.
.
63
Describe how a voltage gated channel produces an action potential.
.
64
Describe what happens if a local potential doesn’t meet the threshold value.
.
65
Describe what happens if a local potential meets the threshold value.
.
66
Describe several characteristics of neuroglia cells.
.
67
Compare and contrast astrocytes and satellite cells.
.
68
Compare and contrast oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells.
.
69
Name the categories of the spinal nerves (regional terms).
???cervical nerves C1 to C4
thoracic nerves C5 to T1
lumbar nerves L1 to S4
p
70
reflex
involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS p 203
71
reflex arc
the neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs. it is the basic functional unit of the nervous system because it is the smallest, simplest pathway capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response p 202
72
sensory receptor
basic component of a reflex arc 1 p 202
73
sensory neuron
basic component of a reflex arc 2 p 202
74
interneuron
basic component of a reflex arc 3, but not in all p 202
75
motor neuron
basic component of a reflex arc 4
76
effector neuron
basic component of a reflex arc 5
77
converging pathway
2 or more neurons synapse with the same neuron p 204
78
diverging pathway
the axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one other neuron p 204
79
summation
allows integration of multiple subthreshold signals to bring the membrane potential to threshold and trigger an action potential. p 204
80
spatial summation
occurs when the local potentials originate from different locations on the postsynaptic neuron p 204
81
temporal summation
occurs when local potentials overlap in time, can occur from a single input that fires rapidly p 204
82
spinal cord
extends from foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the second lumbar vertebra. p 205
83
cauda equine
nerves exiting the inferior end of the spinal cord resemble a horse's tail p 205
84
dorsal column
myelinated axons posterior
85
ventral column
myelinated axons anterior
86
lateral column
myelinated axons sides
87
ascending tracts
conduct action potentials toward the brain
88
descending tracts
conduct action potentials away from brain
89
anterior horn
gray matter
90
laternal horns
gray matter
91
posterior horn
gray matter
92
ventral root
ventral rootlets combine to form
93
dorsal root
dorsal rootlets combine to form
94
dorsal root ganglion
call bodies of pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons p 205
95
stretch reflex
muscles contract in response to a stretching force p 207
96
knee-jerk reflex
classic example of stretch reflex
97
withdrawal reflex
remove a limb or another body part from a painful stimulus p 207
98
spinal nerves
arise along the spinal cord from the union of dorsal and ventral roots.
99
mixed nerves
spinal nerves contain axons of both sensory and somatic motor neurons
100
plexuses
spinal nerves are organized into 3 major plexuses where nerves come together then separate
101
cervical plexus
c1 to c4, innervate the hyoid bone, skin of the neck and posterior portion of the head
102
phrenic nerve
most important nerve of the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm p 207
103
brachial plexus
c5 to t1, 5 major nerves to the upper limbs and shoulders
104
axillary nerve
2 shoulder muscles and skin over shoulder
105
radial nerve
all muscles in the posterior arm and forearm as well as skin over posterior arm, forearm, and hand
106
musculocutaneous nerve
anterior muscles of arm and the skin over the radial surface of the forearm
107
ulnar nerve
2 anterior forearm muscles and most of the intrinsic hand muscles. Also the skin over the ulnar side of the hand. passes behind the elbow--funny bone p 209
108
median nerve
most of the anterior forearm muscles and some intrinsic hand muscles, skin over the radial side of the hand
109
lumbosacral plexus
l1 to s4, 4 major nerves to the lower limbs
110
obturator nerve
muscles of the medial thigh and skin over medial thigh
111
femoral nerve
anterior thigh muscles and skin over anterior thigh and medial side of leg
112
tibial nerve
posterior thigh muscles anterior and posterior leg muscles and most intrinsic foot muscles, and skin over the sole of the foot
113
common fibular nerve
muscles of lateral thigh and leg and some intrinsic foot muscles. skin over the anterior and lateral leg and the dorsal surface (top) of the foot
114
sciatic nerve
tibial and common fibular nerves are bound together with a connective sheath
115
Brainstem
connects spinal cord to the remainder of the brain. Consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and the midbrain. contains nuclei involved in vital functions like heart rate, blood pressure and breathing. nuclei for all but the first 2 cranial nerves p 210
116
Medulla oblongata
most inferior portion of the brainstem and is contiguous with the spinal cord. contains discrete nuclei that regulate heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, balance and coordination. p 210
117
Pyramids
2 prominent enlargements on the anterior surface that extend the length of the medulla oblongata. nerve tracts which transmit action potentials from the brain to the motor neurons of the spinal cord and are involved in the conscious control of skeletal muscles p 211
118
Pons
immediately above the medulla oblongata contains ascending and descending nerve tracts as well as several nuclei functional bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum. controls chewing and salivation as well as sharing breathing swallowing and balance with the medulla oblongata. p 211
119
Midbrain
over the pons, smallest region of the brainstem
120
Colliculi
4 mound son midbrain, relay centers for auditory pathways and visual reflexes and receive touch and auditory input p 211
121
Substantia nigra
black nuclear mass controls general body movements
122
Reticular formation
scattered throughout the brainstem regulates cyclical motor functions like respiration, walking, chewing p 211
123
Activating system
plays a major role in arousing and maintaining consciousness and regulating sleep p 212
124
Cerebellum
rear brain
125
Cerebellar peduncles
attaches cerebellum to brainstem. provide routes of communication between cerebellum and other parts of CNS p 212
126
Diencephalon
between brainstem and cerebrum, thal, epithal, and hypothal
127
Thalamus
cluster of nuclei, influences mood and registers pain
128
Epithalamus
over and behind thalamus, response to doers
129
Hypothalamus
lowest, maintains homeostasis, body temp, hunger thirst,
130
Cerebrum
largest part of brain
131
Longitudinal fissure
divides left and right hemispheres of cerebrum p 213
132
Gyri
folds/ridges
133
Sulci
valleys
134
Frontal lobal
vol motor functions, motivation, aggression, mood, smell p 213
135
Parietal loba
receiving and consciously perceiving senses
136
Occipital love
receiving and perceiving visual input
137
Central sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobes
138
Temporal lobe
olfactory and auditory, plays important role in memory, abstract thought and judgement p 214
139
Lateral fissue
separates temporal lobe from rest of cerebrum
140
Insula (5th lobe)
deep w/in lateral fissure
141
Ascending tracts
transmits action potentials from periphery to brain p 214
142
Spinothalamic tract
xmits action potentials dealing with pain and temp to the thalamus to the cerebral cortex, example of ascending tract p 214
143
Dorsal tract
xmits action potentials dealing with touch, position, and pressure, ascending tract
144
Primary sensory areas
where sensations are perceived
145
Primary somatic areas
general sensory area
146
Association areas
cortical areas involved in recognition
147
Voluntary movements
consciously activated to achieve a goal
148
Upper motor neurons
result in vol movements and connect to lower motor neurons
149
Lower motor neurons
in anterior horn or cranial nerve nuclei
150
Primary motor cortex
control voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
151
Premotor area
where motor functions are organized before they are actually initiated in the primary motor cortex
152
Lateral coritcospinal tracts
control speed and precision of skilled movements of the hands
153
Basal nuclei
group of functionally related nuclei
154
Corpus stiatum
located deep in the cerebrum
155
Substantia nigra
dark pigmented cells in the midbrain
156
Comparator
sensing device that compares data from 2 sources
157
Proprioceptive neruons
innervate joints tendons muscles and provides info about position of body parts
158
Commissures
sensory info shared between hemispheres
159
Corpus callosum
largest commissure
160
Sensory speech area
Wernicke area parietal lobe area of speech
161
Motor speech area
Broca area inferior frontal lobe
162
Aphasia
absent of defective speech or language comprehension
163
Electroencephalogram
brain's electrical activity
164
Brain waves
wavelike patterns
165
Alpha waves
quiet resting state
166
Beta waves
intense mental activity and beginning of sleep
167
Delta waves
deep sleep
168
Theta waves
children
169
Working memory
task associated memory
170
Short-term memory
retained for a few min or a few days
171
Long-term memory
stored for a few min or permanent
172
Condolidation
gradual process of memory, formation of new and stronger synaptic connections
173
Procedural memory
dev of new motor skills
174
Memory engrams
long term memory retention
175
Limbic system
long-tern declarative memory, emotions, visceral responses to emotions motivations and mood. olfactory nerves.
176
Meninges
3 connective tissue membranes
177
Dura mater
most superficial and thickest
178
Epidural space
between dura mater and vertebrae
179
Anesthesia
injection
180
Arachnoid mater
second meningeal membrane
181
Dural space
potential space containing a very small amount of serous fluid
182
Spinal block
anesthetic
183
Spinal tap
sample of cerebrospinal fluid
184
Pia mater
third meningeal membrane
185
Subarachnoid space
between arachnoid major and pia major
186
Ventricles
CNS fluid filled cavities
187
Lateral ventrical
each cerebral hemisphere has a relatively large cavity
188
Third ventricle
smaller midline cavity in center of diencephalon
189
Fourth ventricle
base od cerebellum and connected to the 3d ventricle by a narrow canal
190
Cerebral aqueduct
narrow canal between 3d and 4th ventricle
191
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
bathes brain and spinal cord, provides protective cushion around CNS
192
Choroid plexuses
specialized structures made of ependymal cells, located in ventricles p 223
193
Arachnoid granulations
masses of arachnoid tissue penetrate the superior saggital sinus, a dural venous sinus in the longitudinal fissure and CSF passes from the subarachnoid space into the blood through these granulations p 223
194
Hydrocephalus
blockage of openings cause CSF to accumulate in ventricles
195
Cranial nerves
12 pairs
196
Autonomic nervous system
controlled unconsciously
197
Preganglionic neurons
first
198
Postganglionic neurons
second
199
Autonomic ganglia
outside the CNS
200
Parasympathetic division
rest and Digest
201
Fight-or-flight
sympathetic
202
Sympathetic division
fight or flight
203
Sympathetic chain ganglia
connected to one another and form a chain along both sides of the spinal cord
204
Collateral ganglia
located nearer target organs, celiac, superior mesenteric ganglia
205
Splanchnic nerves
sympathetic nerves that extend to collateral ganglia in the abdominal and pelvic region
206
Terminal ganglia
located in effector organs in the head or embedded in effector organs in thorax abdomen and pelvis
207
Achetylcholine
neurotransmitter of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons p 228
208
Norepinephrine
neurotransmitter of post ganglionic neurons
209
Enteric nervous system (ENS)
plexuses within the wall of the digestive tract
210
Describe the symptoms of stroke.
headache, loss of motor skill, weakness, confusion, difficulty speech and swallowing, vision, confusion, seizures
211
Describe several treatments for stroke.
restore blood flow, hypertension meds, physical and speech therapyp 231
212
What are some of the effects of aging on the nervous system?
gradually declines, number of sensory neurons, reflexes slow, homeostasis, loss of motor control, short term memory, sleep is more difficult
213
Select one condition from each category on page 232 and describe it.
MS, autoimmune condition initiated by viral infection, inflammation of brain and spinal cord, demyelination. exaggerated reflexes, tremors and speech defects
214
Special Senses
specialized
215
receptors
nerve endings capable of responding to stimuli
216
mechanoreceptors
bending or stretching
217
chemoreceptors
odor
218
photoreceptors
light
219
thermoreceptors
temp
220
nociceptors
pain
221
Merkel disks
small superficial nerve endings involved in detecting light, touch, and superficial nerve endings
222
Meissner corpuscles
receptors for fine, dicriminating touch
223
Ruffini corpuscles
detecting continuous pressure
224
Pacinian corpuscles
deep pressure, vibration and position p 239
225
pain
unpleasant perceptual and emotional experiences, localized sharp, diffuse burning or aching
226
referred pain
originate in a region of the body that is not the source of pain
227
olfaction
smell
228
odorants
airborne molecules
229
olfactory bulb
9
230
olfactory tracts
9
231
adaptation
decreased sensitivity after time
232
taste buds
oval structures that detect taste
233
papillae
enlargements on the surface of the tongue
234
taste cells
40
235
taste hairs
hairlike processes that extend into a tiny opening
236
taste pore
tiny opening in the surrounding epithelium
237
conjunctiva
thin transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelid
238
lacrimal apparatus
lacrimal gland in the superior lateral corner of the orbit
239
lacrimal gland
produces tears
240
lacrimal canaluculi
small ducts
241
lacrimal sac
enlargement of the nasolacrimal duct
242
nasolacrimal duct
opens into the nasal cavity
243
extrinsic eye muscles
6, movement of eye
244
rectus muscles
attach to 4 quadrants of eye
245
oblique muscles
angle to long axis of eye
246
fibrous tunic
outer tunic, sclera and cornea
247
vascular tunic
middle tunic, choroid, ciliary body, iris
248
nervous tunic
innermost tunic, retina
249
sclera
firm white outer connective tissue layer, maintains shape protects internal structures and provides attachment sites for muscles
250
cornea
transparent permits light to enter
251
Ciliary body
contains smooth muscles
252
lens
flexible biconvex transparent disk
253
pupil
opening
254
iris
colored part of eye
255
retina
posterior 5/6 of eye
256
rods
photo receptor cells, low light
257
cones
photo receptor cells, color vision
258
rhodopsin
photosensitive pigment
259
opsin
colorless protein
260
retinal
yellow pigment
261
optic nerve
axons converge at the posterior of the eye
262
macula
small spot near the center of the posterior retina
263
fovea centralis
part of the retina where light is most focused
264
blind spot
optic disk contains no photoreceptor cells
265
anterior chamer
between cornea and lens front of iris
266
posterior chamber
between cornea and lens back of iris
267
vitreous humor
transparent jelly substance in vitreous chamber
268
aqueous humor
watery fluid in anterior and posterior chamber
269
focal point
crossing point of light rays
270
focusing
light converges
271
accommodation
muscles reshape lens and focus
272
optic chiasm
where 2 optic nerves connect to each other
273
visual field (of eye)
image seen by each eye
274
color blindness
absence of perception of one or more colors
275
auricle
external ear
276
external auditory meatus
9
277
external auditory canal
passageway that leads to eardrum
278
ceruminous glands
produce cerumen
279
cerumen
modified sebum/earwax
280
tympanic membrane
thin membrane that separates ext ear from middle ear
281
oval window
opening in medial side of middle ear
282
round window
opening in medial side of middle ear
283
auditory ossicles
3 bones in inner ear
284
malleus
hammer
285
incus
anvil
286
stapes
stirrup
287
auditory tube
opens into pharynx and enables air pressure equalized between outside air and middle ear
288
bony labyrinth
tunnels and chambers in temporal bone
289
membraneous labyrinth
membranous tunnels and chambers
290
endolymph
clear liquid in membranous labyrinth
291
perilymph
liquid in space between membranous and and bony labyrinth
292
cochlea
snail shell with bony core p 252
293
spiral organ (organ of Corti)
contains specialized sensory cells
294
static equilibrium
position of head relative to gravity
295
dynamic equilibrium
change of direction and head movements
296
vestibule
inner ear, 2 chambers
297
utricle
chamber in vestibule
298
saccule
chamber in vestibule
299
maculae
specialized patches of epithelium
300
otoliths
particles composed of protein and calcium carbonate, bends hair cell microvili and initiating action potentials
301
semicircular canals
dynamic equillibrium, right angles
302
ampulla
base of each semicircular canal
303
crista ampullaris
ridge of epithelium with a curved gelatinous mass
304
cupula
gelatinous mass
305
motion sickness
continuous stimulation of the semicircular canal
306
Describe how visual stimuli is converted into sight
9
307
Describe how sound waves are converted into hearing
9
308
Describe how odorants are converted into a sense of smell
9
309
Describe how food molecules are converted into a sense of taste
9
310
autocrine
stimulates cell that secretes it, white blood cells
311
paracrine
act locally, histamine
312
endocrine
in blood--act on distand cell
313
neurotransmitters
activate an adjacent cell, neuron on neuron, muscle, or gland cell
314
hormones
chemical messengers
315
humoral stimuli
blood borne molecules can stimulate release of some hormones
316
parathyroid hormone
10
317
antidiuretic hormone
10
318
neural stimuli
10
319
epinephrine/norepinephrine
10
320
releasing hormones
10
321
hormonal stimuli
10
322
tropic hormones
10
323
inhibition
10
324
inhibiting hormones
10
325
negative feedback
10
326
positive feedback
10
327
receptors
10
328
nuclear receptors
10
329
hormone response elements
10
330
transcription factors
10
331
G-protein
10
332
adenylate cyclase
10
333
protein kinases
10
334
amplification
10
335
cAMP
10
336
pituitary gland
10
337
hypothalamus
10
338
infundibulum
10
339
anterior pituitary
10
340
posterior pituitary
10
341
growth hormone
10
342
insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
10
343
thyroid-stimulating hormone
10
344
adrenocortiocottropic hormone
10
345
cortisol
10
346
gonadotropins
10
347
lutenizing hormone
10
348
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
10
349
follicle-stimulating hormone
10
350
prolactin
10
351
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
10
352
oxytocin
10
353
thyroid gland
10
354
hypterthyroidism
10
355
Graves disease
10
356
thyroxine
10
357
triiodothyronine
10
358
calcitonin
10
359
parathyroid glands
10
360
parathyroid hormones
10
361
hyperparathyroidism
10
362
hypoparathyroidism
10
363
adrenal glands
10
364
adrenal medulla
10
365
adrenal cortex
10
366
fight-or-flight response
10
367
aldosterone
10
368
renin
10
369
androgens
10
370
Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
10
371
Diabetes mellitus
10
372
hyperglycemia
10
373
testes/ovaries
10
374
estrogen
10
375
progesterone
10
376
testosterone
10
377
thymus
10
378
pineal gland
10
379
melatonin
10
380
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
10 functions--metabolism, food and digestion, tissue dev, ion regulation, water balance, heart rate and BP, blood glucose and nutrients, reproduction, uterine contraction and milk, immune syst
381
How are lipid-soluble hormones transported?
small size, not soluble, attach to binding proteins, long life span
382
How are water-soluble hormones transported?
dissolve in blood and circulate freely, diffuse into tissue--not capillaries, large, short life
383
To what kind of receptors do lipid-soluble hormones bind?
nuclear receptors and interacts with DNA
384
To what kind of receptors do water-soluble hormones bind?
membrane bound receptors to initiate response within cell
385
Describe how a G-protein receptor system works.
1. hormone binds to receptor
2. receptor changes shape and g protein binds to it, GTP replaces GDP on alpha subunit
3. g protein separates and alpha unit separates from protein. GTP linked subunit activates cell response
4. hormone separates from receptor phosphate is removes and GTP becomes GDP
386
In what way do hormones control the anterior pituitary?
releasing or inhibiting hormones
387
What is the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system?
capillary beds and veins that transport releasing and inhibiting hormones p 272
388
How does the hypothalamus control the posterior pituitary?
??? pass through hypothal-pituitary gland p 275
