Unit 3:1

Question 1

Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)

Answer 1

endogenous molecules expressed during times of damage/death; also bind to PRRs

Question 2

Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Answer 2

recognize general pathogenic patterns inducing transcription of cytokines

Question 3

Types of PRRs

Answer 3

Toll-Like Receptors, C Type Lectin Receptors, NOD & NOD Like Receptors, Complement Receptors

Question 4

Toll-Like Receptors

Answer 4

membrane bound receptors that bind various PAMPs and DAMPs to increase inflammation

Question 5

C Type Lectin Receptors

Answer 5

membrane bound receptors that bind carbohydrates of bacteria (MBL) and fungi (dectins)

Question 6

NOD & NOD-Like Receptors

Answer 6

cytoplasmic receptors that recognize G-bacteria and other breakdown products after phagocytosis

Question 7

Complement Receptors

Answer 7

some recognize particles on the surfaces of microbes

Question 8

Inflammation Goals

Answer 8

eliminate cause of injury, remove necrotic tissues, & initiate repair

Question 9

Inflammation Initiation

Answer 9

initiated by IL1, IL6, TNF-alpha acting on hepatocytes or endothelial cells

Question 10

Inflammation Effects

Answer 10

increase vascular diameter (heat & redness), endothelium sprouting cell adhesion molecules causing WBCs to bind endothelium tightly, increase vascular permeability (swelling & pain)

Question 11

Acute Phase Response

Answer 11

response to infection, inflammation, or trauma by changing normal serum proteins called acute phase proteins

Question 12

Types of Acute Phase Proteins

Answer 12

C Reactive Protein, Serum Amyloids, Complement, Alpha Antitrypsin, Fibrinogen, Surfactant

Question 13

C Reactive Protein

Answer 13

recognition molecules that rise withing 4-6 hours of injury of infection; diagnostic tool to identify inflammation show disease management, or healing; mediates apoptosis, complement, phagocytosis

Question 14

Serum Amyloids

Answer 14

serve as opsonins and recruiters of immune cells

Question 15

Complement

Answer 15

lysis, opsonization, & inflammation; includes MBL-opsonin that facilitates the lectin pathway of complement

Question 16

Alpha 1 Antitrypsin

Answer 16

protects self from enzymes secreted from immune cells (emphesyma)

Question 17

Fibrinogen

Answer 17

increases with inflammation/tissue destruction to allow generation of clots to prevent spreading of pathogens

Question 18

Surfactant

Answer 18

C type lectins that serve as opsonins that facilitate APCs uptake of pathogens and helps bridge innate and adaptive systems and induce direct lysis of microbes

Question 19

Acute Inflammation

Answer 19

quick onset; primarily neutrophil response; mild/self limited injury; prominent signs

Question 20

Chronic Inflammation

Answer 20

slow onset; primarily monocyte/macrophage response; often severe & progressive; subtle signs

Question 21

Inflammasome

Answer 21

is assembled as IL-1 is generated and indicates chronic inflammation

Question 22

Obesity

Answer 22

adipocytes secrete inflammatory cytokines (IL1, IL6, TNF-alpha)

Question 23

Metabolic Syndrome

Answer 23

combination of glucose intolerance, central obesity, hypertension, & dyslipidemia

Question 24

Eosinophils

Answer 24

involved with remodeling of the tissues, fibrosis, due to chronic inflammation

Question 25

Local signs

Answer 25

rubor (erythema), pallor, dolor, & calor in one area

Question 26

Systematic Inflammation

Answer 26

global release of pro-inflammatory cytokines causing: 1. leakage of plasma into tissues, multiple organ failure, & hypotension

Question 27

Type 1 (Alpha & Beta) Interferons

Answer 27

secreted by any virally infected cell: interferes with viral replication, increases expression of ligands for NK receptors, & activates large quantities by plasmacytoid

Question 28

Causes of Fever

Answer 28

Endogenous Pyrogens: secreted from self; IL1, IL6, INE-y, TNF-a Exogenous Pyrogens: secreted from pathogens & induces endogenous pyrogen production

Question 29

Hypothalamus

Answer 29

controls temperature (fever)

Question 30

Benefits of Fever

Answer 30

enhanced leukocyte phagocytosis, increase in leukocyte proliferation endotoxin effects decreased, increased T cell proliferation, enhancement in INF activity & sequestration of iron & zinc