Unit 3

Question 1

About _____ of earth’s oxygen comes from the ocean.

Answer 1

50%

Question 2

_____ of the CO2 is absorbed by the ocean.

Answer 2

50%

Question 3

_____ of all animal species live in the ocean.

Answer 3

50%

Question 4

_____ allows water molecules to from hydrogen bonds with each other.

Answer 4

Polarity

Question 5

Explain what forces hold water molecules together.

Answer 5

The water molecule is held together with covalent bonds and is a polar molecule: the opposite ends have opposite charges; hydrogen bonds form between water molecules.

Question 6

Define Covalent Bonds

Answer 6

Bonds between atoms where electrons are shared.

Question 7

Define Polar Covalent Bonds.

Answer 7

Sharing of electrons is not equal; one atom will have more electrons (and be negative) and another atom will have less electrons and be positive.

Question 8

Define Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 8

A weak bond between a hydrogen atom that is bonded usually to an oxygen or nitrogen to some other atom that has a charge; hydrogen bonding is what gives water its important properties.

Question 9

What is the formula of Density?

Answer 9

D=m/V

Question 10

Fresh water freezes at _____ but seawater freezes at about _____, because of _____ in it.

Answer 10

32-28.4-Salt

Question 11

What behavior does water have upon freezing?

Answer 11

It expands.

Question 12

Why does ice float in water?

Answer 12

Ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bonds in ice are more “ordered”.

Question 13

As liquid water gets colder, water molecules become _____.

Answer 13

More compact.

Question 14

Water becomes most dense at _____.

Answer 14

4 Degrees Celsius

Question 15

As water cools from 4 Degrees Celsius to 0 Degrees Celsius, _____.

Answer 15

The volume that water takes increases.

Question 16

What purpose does ice serve for animals?

Answer 16

Ice serves as a platform for animals to rest, hunt, and have babies. RHB

Question 17

What would happen if ice sank?

Answer 17

If ice sank, all bodies of water would eventually freeze solid, making life impossible on Earth.

Question 18

What is the relationship between ice and light?

Answer 18

Sea ice reflects light from the sun; less ice can lead to more light absorption and increased warming of the poles. The opposite happens with more ice.

Question 19

Define Attenuation

Answer 19

The decrease in the intensity of light over a distance.

Question 20

We _____ absorb colors we reflect.

Answer 20

Don’t

Question 21

Light is _____ by particles in the water (clay, particles, silt particles).

Answer 21

Absorbed

Question 22

The clearer the water, the _____ light is absorbed.

Answer 22

Less

Question 23

In the ocean, about _____ of the light is absorbed by _____ and almost _____ by _____.

Answer 23

50%- 10m- 100%- 100m

Question 24

Algae that live deep use _____.

Answer 24

Blue light

Question 25

The ocean is blue due to the _____ and _____ of light.

Answer 25

Absorption-Scattering AS

Question 26

_____ wavelengths of light travel the deepest in the ocean.

Answer 26

Blue BMRL

Question 27

_____ wavelengths of light travel the least in the ocean.

Answer 27

Red

Question 28

Plants deep in the ocean dominantly use _____.

Answer 28

Blue light.

Question 29

What tool can we use to measure light penetration in the water? How does it work?

Answer 29

Secchi Disk: It measures how far light goes down by having a black and white spot. You lower it to the point where the spots are not visible.

Question 30

Water _____ and _____ very slowly.

Answer 30

Heats and cools.

Question 31

What's the energy of motion?

Answer 31

Kinetic Energy

Question 32

Define Temperature

Answer 32

Measures the intensity of heat due to the energy of molecules.

Question 33

Define Heat

Answer 33

A measure of the total number of kinetic energy due to molecular motion.

Question 34

Define Specific Heat

Answer 34

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 Degree Celsius.

Question 35

How many calories need to be added to ice for it to be turned to water?

Answer 35

80 calories (same amount needs to be removed for inverse)

Question 36

How many calories need to be added to water for it to be turned to vapor?

Answer 36

540 calories (same amount needs to be removed for inverse).

Question 37

What is the latent heat of fusion of water?

Answer 37

80 Calories F80

Question 38

What is the latent heat of vaporization of water?

Answer 38

540 Calories

Question 39

When is heat absorbed?

Answer 39

When hydrogen bonds break. AB

Question 40

When is heat released?

Answer 40

When hydrogen bonds form. RF

Question 41

What can happen due to the excess heating of the equator?

Answer 41

H20 absorbs heat and can move heat toward poles.

Question 42

Water changes temperature in oceans a _____ amount.

Answer 42

Small

Question 43

What is seawater composed of?

Answer 43

Complex solution of salt, organic molecules, dissolved gases, and nutrients. SOGN

Question 44

What are the types of water from least ppt to most ppt?

Answer 44

Fresh-Brackish-Saline-Brine FBSB

Question 45

Explain everything about fresh water.

Answer 45

0-0.5 ppt; ponds, lakes, rivers, streams. FPLRS

Question 46

Explain everything about brackish water.

Answer 46

0.5-30 ppt; estuaries-mangrove swamps. BES

Question 47

Explain everything about saline water.

Answer 47

30-50 ppt; seawater- salt lakes. SSL

Question 48

Explain everything about brine water.

Answer 48

50 ppt; brine waters.

Question 49

Define Salinity.

Answer 49

The amount of dissolved salt in seawater.

Question 50

What is the average salinity?

Answer 50

35 ppt

Question 51

What are the major constituents in seawater?

Answer 51

Chloride-Sodium-Sulfate-Magnesium-Calcium-Potassium CSSMCP

Question 52

Define the Rule of Constant Proportions.

Answer 52

The relative amount of each ion are always the same, the only difference is the total amount of salt. (ratios ae always the same).

Question 53

Why does the Rule of Constant Proportions matter?

Answer 53

Marine Invertebrates have the same concentration of salt as their surroundings- Fish and mammals will use energy to keep proper water and salt balance- Having Constant Proportions of salt makes life easier. ISL (Invertebrates- Salt Balance-Life)

Question 54

What are the Sources of Salts to the Ocean?

Answer 54

Land-Atmosphere-Hydrothermal Vents LAH

Question 55

Explain Land

Answer 55

Runoff from land will bring salt from mountains.

Question 56

Explain Atmosphere.

Answer 56

Rain falling into the ocean carries gases and small particles of soot and dust. Atmospheric gases mix and dissolve into seawater, especially when winds and waves chum the ocean surface.

Question 57

Explain Hydrothermal Vents.

Answer 57

Seawater also dissolves materials from the ocean bottom, as well as materials released by underwater volcanoes and hydrothermal vents.

Question 58

What are the way to remove salts in the Ocean?

Answer 58

Sea Spray- Chemical Reactions- Adsorption- Evaporation. SCAE