Unit 3

Question 1

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Answer 1

population

Question 2

All the different populations that live together in an area

Answer 2

community

Question 3

the study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease

Answer 3

population ecology

Question 4

Number of individuals per unit area

Answer 4

population density

Question 5

a description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another

Answer 5

population distribution

Question 6

ratio of males to females in a population

Answer 6

sex ratio

Question 7

number of males and females of each age in a population

Answer 7

age structure

Question 8

a resource that a population cannot live without and that occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size

Answer 8

limiting resource

Question 9

factor that limits a population more as population density increases

Answer 9

density-dependent factor

Question 10

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Answer 10

carrying capacity (K)

Question 11

limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size

Answer 11

density-independent factor

Question 12

explains how fast a given population grows

Answer 12

population growth rate

Question 13

the maximum potential for growth of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources

Answer 13

intrinsic growth rate

Question 14

a mathematical description of idealized, unregulated population growth

Answer 14

exponential growth model

Question 15

a growth model that describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment

Answer 15

logistic growth model

Question 16

when a population becomes larger than the environment’s carrying capacity

Answer 16

overshoot

Question 17

a rapid decline in a population due to death

Answer 17

die-off

Question 18

a species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity

Answer 18

K-selected species

Question 19

a species that has a high intrinsic growth rate, which often leads to population overshoots and die-offs

Answer 19

r-selected species

Question 20

high survivorship until old age and then high death rates

Answer 20

type I survivorship curves

Question 21

relatively consistent decline in survivorship throughout life

Answer 21

type II survivorship curves

Question 22

low survivorship early in life and few individuals reach adulthood

Answer 22

type III survivorship curves

Question 23

strips of natural habitat that connect populations

Answer 23

corridor

Question 24

A group of spatially separated populations of one species that interact through immigration and emigration

Answer 24

metapopulation

Question 25

genetically similar parents mate and produce inferior offspring

Answer 25

inbreeding depression

Question 26

the study of interactions between species

Answer 26

community ecology

Question 27

close interaction between species in which one species lives in or on the other

Answer 27

symbiotic relationship

Question 28

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Answer 28

commensalism

Question 29

a keystone species that creates or maintains habitat for other species

Answer 29

ecosystem engineer

Question 30

gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance

Answer 30

ecological succession

Question 31

succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists

Answer 31

primary succession

Question 32

Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil

Answer 32

secondary succession

Question 33

First species to populate an area during primary succession

Answer 33

pioneer species

Question 34

historically the final stage of succession

Answer 34

climax community

Question 35

a theory that demonstrates the dual importance of habitat size and distance in determining species richness

Answer 35

theory of island biogeography

Question 36

The scientific study of population characteristics

Answer 36

demography

Question 37

movement of people into a country

Answer 37

immigration

Question 38

movement of people out of a country

Answer 38

emigration

Question 39

number of births/deaths per 1,000 individuals per year

Answer 39

crude birth/death rate (CBR/CDR)

Question 40

the number of years it takes for a population to double

Answer 40

doubling time

Question 41

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

Answer 41

total fertility rate (TFR)

Question 42

the total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size

Answer 42

Replacement level fertility

Question 43

the theory that as a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth

Answer 43

theory of demographic transition

Question 44

Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology

Answer 44

IPAT equation

Question 45

number of births per 1,000 individuals per year

Answer 45

Crude birth rate (CBR)

Question 46

number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year

Answer 46

crude death rate (CDR)

Question 47

global population growth

Answer 47

(cbr-cdr)/10

Question 48

population growth of a nation

Answer 48

[(CBR + immigration) - (CDR + emigration)]/10

Question 49

doubling time equation

Answer 49

70/% growth rate

Question 50

the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 individuals

Answer 50

net migration rate

Question 51

age structure diagram common of developed countries that is widest on the bottom and narrowest at the top

Answer 51

population pyramid

Question 52

continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been taken

Answer 52

population momentum

Question 53

the theory that a country moves from a subsidence economy to industrialization to increased affluence as it undergoes population growth

Answer 53

theory of demographic transition

Question 54

ecological footprint of a country

Answer 54

per capita footprint x number of people

Question 55

a measure of the value of all products & services produced in 1 yr by a country

Answer 55

gross domestic product (GDP)