Unit 5

Question 1

The tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted if it is not regulated in some way

Answer 1

Tragedy of the commons

Question 2

The cost or benefit of a good or service that is not included in the purchase price of that good or service or otherwise accounted for

Answer 2

Externality

Question 3

The maximum amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without compromising the future availability of that resource

Answer 3

Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

Question 4

The belief that people should maximize use of resources, based on the greatest good for everyone

Answer 4

Resource conservation ethic

Question 5

A U.S. classification used to designate lands that may be used for recreation, grazing, timber harvesting, and mineral extraction

Answer 5

Multiple-use lands

Question 6

A dry open grassland primarily used for grazing cattle

Answer 6

Rangeland

Question 7

Land dominated by trees and other woody vegetation and sometimes used for commercial logging

Answer 7

Forest

Question 8

A method of harvesting trees that involves removing all or almost all of the trees within an area

Answer 8

Clear-cutting

Question 9

The method of harvesting trees that involves the removal of single trees or a relatively small number of trees from the larger forest

Answer 9

Selective cutting

Question 10

An approach to removing trees from forests in ways that do not unduly affect the viability of other noncommercial tree species

Answer 10

Ecologically sustainable forestry

Question 11

A large area typically planted with a single rapidly growing tree species

Answer 11

Tree plantation

Question 12

A fire deliberately set under controlled conditions in order to reduce the accumulation of dead biomass on a forest floor

Answer 12

Prescribed burn

Question 13

A federal public land managed for the primary purpose of protecting wildlife

Answer 13

National wildlife refuge

Question 14

An area set aside with the intent of preserving a large tract of intact ecosystem or landscape

Answer 14

National wilderness area

Question 15

A 1969 U.S. federal act that mandates an environmental assessment of all projects involving federal money or federal permits

Answer 15

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

Question 16

A document outlining the scope and purpose of a development project, describing the environmental context, suggesting alternate approaches to the project, and analyzing the environmental impact of each alternative

Answer 16

Environmental impact statement (EIS)

Question 17

A plan that outlines how a developer will address concerns raised by a project’s impact on the environment

Answer 17

Environmental mitigation plan

Question 18

A 1973 U.S. act designed to protect species from extinction

Answer 18

Endangered species act

Question 19

An area surrounding a metropolitan center, with a comparatively low population density

Answer 19

Suburb

Question 20

An area similar to a suburb, but unconnected to any central city or densely populated area

Answer 20

Exurb

Question 21

Urbanized areas that spread into rural areas, removing clear boundaries between the two

Answer 21

Urban sprawl

Question 22

The degradation of the built and social environments of the city that often accompanies and accelerates migration to the suburbs

Answer 22

Urban blight

Question 23

A U.S. federal fund that pays for the construction and maintenance of roads and highways

Answer 23

Highway trust fund

Question 24

The phenomenon in which an increase in the supply of a good causes demand to grow

Answer 24

Induced demand

Question 25

A planning tool used to separate industry and business from residential neighborhoods

Answer 25

Zoning

Question 26

A zoning classification that allows retail and high-density residential development to coexist in the same area

Answer 26

Multi-use zoning

Question 27

A set of principles for community planning that focuses on strategies to encourage the development of sustainable, healthy communities

Answer 27

Smart growth

Question 28

A person or organization with an interest in a particular place or issue

Answer 28

Stakeholder

Question 29

The feeling that an area has a distinct and meaningful character

Answer 29

Sense of place

Question 30

Development that attempts to focus dense residential and retail development around stops for public transportation, a component of smart growth

Answer 30

Transit-oriented development (TOD)

Question 31

Development that fills in vacant lots within existing communities rather than expanding into new land outside the city

Answer 31

Infill

Question 32

A restriction on development outside a designated area

Answer 32

Urban growth boundary

Question 33

The condition in which not enough calories are ingested to maintain health

Answer 33

Undernutrition

Question 34

Having a diet that lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals

Answer 34

Malnourished

Question 35

A condition in which people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life

Answer 35

Food security

Question 36

A condition in which people do not have adequate access to food

Answer 36

Food insecurity

Question 37

The condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period

Answer 37

Famine

Question 38

A deficiency of iron

Answer 38

Anemia

Question 39

Ingestion of too many calories and a lack of balance of foods and nutrients

Answer 39

Overnutrition

Question 40

Livestock or poultry consumed as food

Answer 40

Meat

Question 41

Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization to the production of food

Answer 41

Industrial agriculture/agribusiness

Question 42

The fossil fuel energy and human energy input per calorie of food produced

Answer 42

Energy subsidy

Question 43

A shift in agricultural practices in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, that resulted in increased food output

Answer 43

Green Revolution

Question 44

The observation that average costs of production fall as output increases

Answer 44

Economies of scale

Question 45

A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods

Answer 45

Waterlogging

Question 46

A form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amounts of soil in irrigation water becomes highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation

Answer 46

Salinization

Question 47

Fertilizer composed of organic matter from plants and animals

Answer 47

Organic fertilizer

Question 48

Fertilizer produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels

Answer 48

Synthetic/inorganic fertilizer

Question 49

An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety

Answer 49

Monocropping

Question 50

A substance, either natural or synthetic, that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests

Answer 50

Pesticide

Question 51

A pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertebrates that consume crops

Answer 51

Insecticide

Question 52

A pesticide that targets plant species that compete with crops

Answer 52

Herbicide

Question 53

A pesticide that kills many different types of pest

Answer 53

Broad-spectrum pesticide

Question 54

A pesticide that targets a narrow range of organisms

Answer 54

Selective/narrow-spectrum pesticide

Question 55

A pesticide that remains in the environment for a long time

Answer 55

Persistent pesticide

Question 56

A pesticide that breaks down rapidly, usually in weeks or months

Answer 56

Nonpersistent pesticide

Question 57

A trait possessed by certain individuals that are exposed to a pesticide and survive

Answer 57

Pesticide resistance

Question 58

A cycle of pesticide development, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development

Answer 58

Pesticide treadmill

Question 59

A large indoor or outdoor structure designed for maximum output

Answer 59

Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO)

Question 60

Farming aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds

Answer 60

Aquaculture

Question 61

A commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region

Answer 61

Fishery

Question 62

The decline of a fish population by 90 percent or more

Answer 62

Fishery collapse

Question 63

The unintentional catch of nontarget species while fishing

Answer 63

Bycatch

Question 64

An agricultural method in which land is cleared and used for a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients

Answer 64

Shifting agriculture

Question 65

A process where repeated trampling by humans, machinery, or animals causes a compaction of soil and a reduction in pore space

Answer 65

Soil compaction

Question 66

The transformation of arable, productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate change or destructive land use

Answer 66

Desertification

Question 67

The feeding of herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances

Answer 67

Nomadic grazing

Question 68

Agriculture that fulfills the need for food and fiber while enhancing the quality of the soil, minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources, and allowing economic viability for the farmer

Answer 68

Sustainable agriculture

Question 69

An agricultural method in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction

Answer 69

Intercropping

Question 70

An agricultural technique in which crop species in a field are rotated from season to season

Answer 70

Crop rotation

Question 71

An agricultural technique in which trees and vegetables are intercropped

Answer 71

Agroforestry

Question 72

An agricultural technique in which plowing and harvesting are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land

Answer 72

Contour plowing

Question 73

A plant that lives multiple years

Answer 73

Perennial plan

Question 74

A plant that lives only one season

Answer 74

Annual

Question 75

An agricultural; method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons as a means of reducing topsoil erosion

Answer 75

No-till agriculture

Question 76

An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs

Answer 76

Integrated pest management (IPM)