Unit 2 Flashcards by Kelsey MC

Aerobic respiration

Respiration with oxygen

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Anaerobic respiration

respiration without oxygen

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Heterotroph

consumer

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Autotroph

producer

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Scavenger

consumes dead animals

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Detritivore

breaks down dead tissues & waste products

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Net primary production (NPP)

GPP-respiration

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Gross primary production (GPP)

total amount of solar energy captured by producers via photosynthesis

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Biomass

total mass of all living matter in a specific area

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Standing crop

amount of biomass present in an ecosystem

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Transpiration

release of water from leaves during photosynthesis

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Evapotranspiration

evaporation + transpiration

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Carbon cycle

photosynthesis, respiration, exchange, sedimentation, burial, extraction, & combustion

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Nitrogen fixation

converts N2 in the atmosphere into forms that producers can use (NH4+ or NO3-)

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Nitrification

ammonium (NH4+) –> nitrite (NO2-) –> nitrate (NO3-)

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Mineralization

Decomposers break down dead bodies & waste products into inorganic compounds

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Ammonification

Decomposers break down organic nitrogen in dead bodies & waste and convert to ammonium (NH4+)

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Denitrification

nitrate (NO3-) –> nitrous oxide (N2O) –> nitrogen gas (N2)

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Hypoxic

low in oxygen

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Watershed

all land in a given landscape drains into a certain river/stream/lake/wetland

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Climate

average weather

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Weather

short-term conditions

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Order of atmosphere

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

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Ozone

In stratosphere

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Unequal heating

sun angles, variation in surface area, & albedo

Adiabatic cooling

cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises & expands

Adiabatic heating

heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks & decreases

Latent heat release

release of energy when water vapor condenses

Hadley cells

30 degrees N & 30 degrees S; typically deserts

Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)

latitude that receives the most intense sunlight- causes branches of Hadley cells to converge (Typically 23.5 degrees N&S)

Polar cells

rises at 60 degrees N&S and sinks at poles (90 degrees N&S)

Ferrell cells

lies between Hadley & polar cells

Coriolis effects

deflection of object's path due to earth's rotation

Gyres

large-scale water circulation patterns that move clockwise in N hemisphere & counterclockwise in S Hemisphere

Thermohaline circulation

mixes surface water & deep water

El Nino

every 3-7 years in December, reversal of Southern Pacific ocean currents- trade winds weaken, warm water toward south America reduces upwelling & fish populations

Tundra

cold & treeless- Greenland

Boreal forest

evergreen trees, short growing season & cold winters- Ontario, Canada

Temperate rainforest

coastal, moderate temperature & high precipitation- British Colombia, Canada

Temperate seasonal forest

warm summers & cold winters- Germany

Woodland/shrubland

hot, dry summers & mild, rainy winters- California

Temperate grassland/cold desert

cold, harsh winters & hot, dry summers- Oklahoma

Tropical rainforest

warm & wet, near equator, high precipitation- Phillipines

Tropical seasonal forest/savanna

warm temperatures, distinct wet & dry seasons- Zambia

Subtropical desert

hot, dry conditions & sparse vegetation- Chile

Freshwater zones

littoral, limnetic, profundal, benthic

Oligotrophic

lake with low productivity

Mesotrophic

lake with moderate productivity

Eutrophic

lake with high productivity

Mangrove swamp

swamp along tropical/subtropical coasts where salt-tolerant trees grow

Marine zones

intertidal zone, photic zone, aphotic zone, bethic zone

Species richness

number of species

Species evenness

relative proportion of individuals per species

Microevolution

evolution below species level

Macroevolution

evolution that gives rise to new species

Gene flow

individuals move from one population to another & increase genetic compositions

Genetic drift

change in genetic composition of a population due to random mating

Founder effect

change in genetic composition of population as a result of descending from colonizing individuals

Allopatric speciation

speciation with geographic isolation

Reproductive isolation

species evolves so separately members can no longer reproduce with each other

Sympatric speciation

speciation without geographic isolation

GMO

copying genes from species with a desirable trait

Fundamental niche

middle of tolerance bell curve where species can survive, grow, & reproduce

Realized niche

range of conditions under which a species actually lives

Current extinction

6th mass extinction- anthropogenic