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Veterinary Pathology > Unit 3 - 3.1-3.4 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - 3.1-3.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

The cellular response to a mediator may vary depending on:

A

the mediator concentration

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2
Q

For every mediator, there is:

A

one or more inhibitor

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3
Q

Do mediators have long or short lives?

A

short

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4
Q

What can change the effects of mediators?

A

species, tissue locaion

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5
Q

Are almost all chemical mediators endogenous or exogenous?

A

endogenous

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6
Q

What are the first mediators released?

A

histamine and serotonin

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7
Q

How is histamine stored?

A

as granules in mast cells

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8
Q

What are the effects of histamine?

A

pain, smooth muscle contraction, arteriole dilation, increased permeability of venules

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9
Q

How is serotonin stored?

A

as granules in platelets

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10
Q

What are the effects of serotonin?

A

smooth muscle contraction, dilation of arterioles, increased permeability of venules, stimulation of fibroblasts

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11
Q

What cleaves kininogens?

A

kallikreins

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12
Q

How are kinins carries in the blood?

A

as inactive kinogens

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13
Q

What activates prekallikreins?

A

hageman factor (XII), plasmin, and neutrophil enzymes

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14
Q

What is the most important kinin?

A

bradykinin

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15
Q

What does bradykinin do?

A

pain, increased vascular permeability, vasoconstriction/vasodilation

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16
Q

What product from the digestion of fibrin can also increase permeability and vasoconstriction?

A

fibrinopeptides

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17
Q

Circulating kininases inactive:

A

kinins

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18
Q

Consists of nine proteins that are produced in the liver and other cells, and circulate in the plasma in an inactive form

A

complement

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19
Q

assembles to form a membrane attack complex that perforates cells

A

C1-C9

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20
Q

Which complement fragments are anaphylatoxins (have proinflammatory effects)

A

C3a, C4a, C5a

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21
Q

Which complement fragment opsonizes bacteria?

A

C3b

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22
Q

platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

A

thromboxanes (A1, A2)

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23
Q

main function is vasodilation; PGI2 also inhibitor of platelet aggregation

A

Prostaglandins (PGE2, PGI2)

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24
Q

Causes vascular leakage, vasoconstriction or vasodilation, chemotaxis

A

Leukotriene pathway (5-lipoxygenase)

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25
Antiinflammatory
Lipoxin pathway
26
What are the three potential pathways for development of eicosanoids?
1. cycolooxygenase 2. leukotriene 3. lipoxin
27
Formed from phospholipids after the arachidonic acid is removed
platelet activating factors (PAF)
28
What produces PAF?
leukocytes, mast cells, endothelium, platelets, some epithelial cells
29
When are PAFs most commonly seen?
allergic reactions
30
acute phase response cytokine - released due to burns or tissue damage
IL-6
31
How does IL-6 increase temperature?
by increasing energy mobilization
32
very powerful, causes tumor necrosis, induces acute and chronic inflammation
TNF alpha
33
induce movement of cells into sites of inflammation
chemotaxins
34
have effects on inflammation by damaging membranes and DNA
free radicals
35
any molecule generated in an area of inflammation that modules the inflammatory process in some way
chemical mediator
36
What does it mean that most mediators are endogenous?
produced by the cells involved in the inflammatory process
37
What are the two most important vasoactive amines?
histamine and serotonin
38
Why are histamine and serotonin instantly available?
pre-formed inside the cell
39
Overall, histamine tends to contract _____ _______ and dilate ____ ________.
large arteries, small arterioles
40
When blood clots:
numerous kinins are produced, especially bradykinin
41
Where are complement proteins mostly synthesized?
liver
42
When does the classical complement pathway begin?
when a molecule of C1 binds to two Fc portions of IgG
43
Which glycoprotein protects blood and epithelial cells from the MAC?
protectin (CD59)
44
What is the proinflammatory effect of C3b?
settles on cell membranes and prepares them for phagocytosis (opsonization)
45
Name refers to the fact that one of the fatty acids in the phospholipid molecule is the 20 C fatty acid, arachidonic acid
eicosanoids
46
What are the three pathways within the eicosanoid system that liberates arachidonic acid from phospholipids?
1. cyclooxygenase 2. lipoxygenase 3. lipoxin cell-cell interaction
47
What does the cyclooxygenase pathway produce?
prostaglandins and thromboxanes
48
What does the lipoxygenase pathway produce?
leukotrienes
49
What does the lipoxin cell-cell interaction pathway produces?
lipoxins (anti-inflammatory)
50
All mammalian cells except what can produce prostaglandins if stimulated properly?
erythrocytes
51
What cell produces PGE2?
stimulated macrophages
52
What produces PGI2 (prostacyclin)?
vascular tissues
53
What is the main effect of PGE2 and PGI2?
vasodilation
54
Thromboxane A2 is produced by:
platelets
55
What is the function of thromboxane A2?
platelet aggregator and vasoconstrictor
56
How are leukotrienes generated?
from arachidonic acid by 5-lipoxygenase (enzyme)
57
PAFs serve as mediators for"
many leukocyte functions
58
Produced by macrophages, monocytes, fibroblasts, and dendritic cells:
IL-1
59
Function of IL-1:
increased vascular permeability and causes leukocyte emigration
60
What is the other term for IL-1
endogenous pyrogen
61
Acts as both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine
IL-6
62
Secreted by T cells and by macrophages to stimulate immune response to trauma
IL-6
63
Which IL is the most important mediator of fever and the acute phase response?
6
64
PAMPs bind to:
PRRs (pathogen recognition receptors)
65
produced by macrophages in response to bacterial infections and other stimuli
TNF
66
Include a large number of secreted chemokines as well as chemotactic substances elaborated by bacteria and chemotactic substances released by dead and dying substances:
chemotaxins
67
secreted proteins that induce neutrophil, macrophage, and lymphocyte chemotaxis into sites of inflmmation; produced by all nucleated cells in the body:
chemokines
68
synthesized by endothelial cells, macrophages and some cerebral neurons used the enzyme, nitric acid synthase
nitric oxide
69
causes vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation and adhesion, inhibits mast cell-induced inflammation, oxidizes lipids, and regulates leukocyte chemotaxis
nitric oxide
70
first leukocyte on the scene:
neutrophil
71
Have multilobular nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm (may or may not be evident)
neutrophils
72
Survival of neutrophils in blood:
~10 hours
73
Survival of neutrophils in tissue:
1-4 days
74
Transmigration of neutrophils is in response to:
chemotactic factors
75
Where are eosinophils formed?
bone marrow
76
Life span of eosinophils:
8-12 days
77
2 chemoattactants for eosinophils:
histamine, eosinophilic chemotactic factor A
78
Associated with parasitic infections and allergic/anaphylactic reactions (hypersensitivities):
eosinophils
79
have a multilobed nucleus, originate in the bone marrow, are released into the circulating blood and may emigrate into extravascular tissue at the site of inflammation
basophils
80
have a round to reniform nucleus, populate connective tissue, and are normally found in the CT of nearly every tissue of the body
mast cells
81
How long do mast cells live?
4-12 weeks
82
increased vascular permeability
histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, leukotriene C4
83
chemotaxis of eosinophils
ECF-A, histamine
84
preventing blood clots
heparin
85
activation of platelets (aggregation and release of contents)
platelet activating factor (PAF)
86
chemotaxis of neutrophils
PAF
87
dilutes venules
histamine, PGE2
88
Vasoconstriction
serotonin, PGF2
89
Constricts hepatic veins (dogs)
histamine
90
smooth muscle contraction
histamine, leukotriene C4, PGF2
91
stimulates exocrine secretions, bronchial mucus secretion, lacrimation, salivation, gastric acid secretion
histamine
92
Drug of choice for treating anaphylactic shock:
epinephrine

Veterinary Pathology (14 decks)

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