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Veterinary Pathology > Unit 4 - 4.1 and 4.2 > Flashcards

Unit 4 - 4.1 and 4.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Complete failure of an organ or tissue to develop. The organ is totally absent.

A

Agenesis and aplasia

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2
Q

Failure of an organ to achieve the full size for the age and stage of development of that particular animal.

A

Hypoplasia

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3
Q

The cause of most developmental defects is unknown. Some causes that may contribute to defects are:

A
  1. hereditary faults
  2. somatic mutation
  3. stresses or injury
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4
Q

What causes cyclopia in lambs?

A

Veratrum californicum

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5
Q

What type of malnutrition causes blindness?

A

vitamin A deficiency

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6
Q

What type of malnutrition causes hairlessness?

A

iodine deficiency

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7
Q

What are the effects of hypoplasia and/or agenesis?

A

highly variable depending on time of injury, degree of defectiveness, and the organ involved

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8
Q

deviations from normal as it applies to tissues:

A

anomalies

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9
Q

refers to the degree of cell proliferation:

A

-plasia

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10
Q

refers to a change in the over cell/tissue size:

A

-ophy

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11
Q

What do you call it when the kidney completely fails to develop?

A
  1. agenesis of the kidney OR

2. (unilateral) renal agenesis

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12
Q

When is the only time you expect to find agenesis in an adult, living animal?

A

when the agenesis involves only ONE of a pair of organs

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13
Q

When do these developmental anomalies (i.e. agenesis) occur?

A

very early in development

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14
Q

Why does something like agenesis occur?

A

due to loss or severe damage to embryonal tissues

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15
Q

= no development at all

A

agenesis

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16
Q

What do you call it when the cerebellum has started to develop but never reached its full potential?

A

cerebellar hypoplasia

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17
Q

What’s a common cause of hypoplasia in cats? Cows?

A

feline panleukopenia (vx/dz); BVD (vx/dz)

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18
Q

a lesion characterized by the presence of a miniature, abnormal globe in a relatively normal-size orbit:

A

mirophthalmia

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19
Q

What is one of the major issues with cryptorchid testicles?

A

never reaches its full size potential

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20
Q

Since the cryptorchid testicle began to develop normally, but never fully developed, we call it:

A

testicular hypoplasia (unilateral)

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21
Q

What happens with cryptorchid testicles that make them incapable of functioning normally?

A

body temp heat prevents spermatogenesis

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22
Q

An acquired condition that brings about a decrease in the size of a normally developed cell, tissue, or organ:

A

atrophy

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23
Q

What are two decreases that can cause atrophy?

A
  1. cell size

2. cell number

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24
Q

What do all causes of atrophy have in common?

A
  • a deficient blood or lymphatic circulation or

- an increased metabolic activity that leads to enzymatic destruction of cell substance

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25
Q

the type of atrophy that is usually associated with the aging process:

A

physiologic

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26
Q

Give an example of physiologic atrophy that occurs following parturition and lactation:

A

involution and of the uterus and mammary glands

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27
Q

Generalized reduction in size of body tissue as the body stores become depleted due to starvation or subsequent to general physical wasting and malnutrition associated with chronic disease.

A

Cachexia atrophy

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28
Q

A term associated with the atrophic changes in fatty tissues associated with starvation (a type of cachexic atrophy):

A

serous atrophy of fat

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29
Q

Atrophy characterized by a localized reduction in the size of an organ or tissue due to interference with the local blood vascular supply

A

vascular or ischemic atrophy

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30
Q

What are two causes of vascular/ischemic atrophy?

A
  1. internal narrowing

2. external compression

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31
Q

Organs that are dependent upon hormonal stimulation to maintain their normal structure and function will decrease in size when this trophic influence is interrupted:

A

Endocrine atrophy

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32
Q

What can cause endocrine atrophy via a reduction in size in accessory glands?

A

castration

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33
Q

How does endocrine therapy cause endocrine atrophy?

A

corticosteriods can cause a reduction in the size of the renal cortex

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34
Q

When certain endocrine glands start producing less hormone and thus lose size. (i.e. adrenal cortex):

A

hypopituitarism

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35
Q

Increased demands on organs, particularly endocrine organs, may at first be followed by enlargement, but if the demands are prolonged to the point of overwork, atrophy may result.

A

Exhaustion atrophy

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36
Q

What is a likely cause of exhaustion atrophy?

A

buildip of catabolic enzyme sin the presence of accumulating acid metabolites

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37
Q

When an organ or tissue is immobilized or is forced to cease functioning it will decrease in size:

A

disuse atrophy

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38
Q

What’s a perfect example of disuse atrophy?

A

broken leg in a cast or paralysis of a muscle due to a nerve injury

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39
Q

The persistent displacement of tissue by constant pressure may leas to a reduction in size of the tissues immediately affected:

A

pressure atrophy

40
Q

List some common causes of pressure atrophy (5):

A
  1. NAG
  2. Blocked ducts
  3. hydrocephalus
  4. Fluid in body cavities
  5. certain deficiency diseases
41
Q

How does NAG cause pressure atrophy?

A

via direct pressure on the tissue itself or indirectly due to pressure on the blood supply

42
Q

How does vitamin A deficiency cause pressure atrophy?

A

slows bone development in skull and results in pressure atrophy of optic nerves

43
Q

The loss of the trophic influence of nerves plus the immobilization of the organ when its nerve supply is lost will lead to atrophy.

A

denervation atrophy

44
Q

Atrophic influences of certain diseases like atrophic rhinitis of swine:

A

infectious/inflammatory atrophy

45
Q

What is ALWAYS the gross effect of atrophy?

A

a reduction in size

46
Q

What stays the SAME during atrophy?

A

shape and form are maintained

47
Q

Why may an atrophied tissue/organ be firmer or darker than normal?

A

because the blood vessels will be close together

48
Q

Microscopically, what is different about looking at atrophied cells?

A

smaller (although this may be hard to see)

49
Q

What type of pigments can sometimes be seen in atrophied livers and hearts?

A

lipochrome pigment

50
Q

What do lipochrome pigments do to the heart and liver grossly?

A

brown appearance (termed brown atrophy)

51
Q

What type of tissue may replace atrophied tissue in the pancreas and skeletal or heart muscle?

A

fat

52
Q

Why may blood vessels appear more numerous in atrophied tissue?

A

closer proximity - also true grossly

53
Q

What may happened to the atrophied muscle/tissue depending on the cause, location, and the extent of the atrophy?

A

loss of function

54
Q

In glands with atrophy, what must happen before the ducts disappear?

A

the most specialized cells are removed

55
Q

Stroma in atrophied organs/tissues is typically spared giving the atrophied organ the appearance of:

A

too much CT

56
Q

In order for a cell to shrink, it must lose its:

A

proteins (via proteolysis)

57
Q

Used for a cell, tissue, or organ that has reached its full growth potential and then regressed in size:

A

atrophy

58
Q

If reduced organ size is due to hypoplasia, then the organ or tissue never:

A

reached its full size potential

59
Q

Why does cell number decrease?

A

apoptosis

60
Q

What does cell size decrease?

A

protein degradation exceeds protein synthesis

61
Q

What are the two pathways for internal degradation of protein?

A
  1. phagosome-lysosome pathway (autophagocytosis)

2. ATP-dependent 26S proteosome pathway

62
Q

In the proteosome pathway, which protein binds to the protein and labels it to be destroyed?

A

ubiquitin

63
Q

After labeling the target protein with ubiquitin , what then takes the protein to be destroyed?

A

26S proteosome

64
Q

What does the proteosome pathway require?

A

ATP

65
Q

What are the two stimuli for a cell to become smaller or disappear?

A
  1. inadequate nutrition/oxygen

2. accumulation of catabolic products

66
Q

Results from an inability of the ureter to drain away urine because of an obstruction in the ureter or distal to it:

A

hydronephrosis

67
Q

Pathogenesis for hydronephrosis (5 steps):

A

obstruction –> pressure build up –> interference with blood and lymph supply/drainage –> accumulation of catabolic products –> cells forced to decrease in size –> renal pelvis expands, cortical/medullary diminish

68
Q

If you have hydronephrosis of one kidney, how would you expect the other kidney to appear?

A

hypertrophy and hyperplasia in response to the increased workload

69
Q

When one organ gets bigger to compensate for another that gets smaller, the condition is referred to as:

A

compensatory hypertrophy and hyperplasia

70
Q

When is hydrocephalus most commonly seen in vet med?

A

young animals with a congenital basis

71
Q

What are the two major classes of disturbances of cell growth?

A

congenital, acquired

72
Q

An increased in the parenchymal mass of a tissue, resulting from an increase in cell size or number, or both:

A

growth

73
Q

List 3 examples of controlled growth:

A

hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia

74
Q

List 2 examples of uncontrolled growth:

A

dysplasia, neoplasia

75
Q

Alteration of cell form to adapt (metaplasia)

A

qualitative

76
Q

increased capacity (hypertrophy, hyperplasia), decreased capacity (atrophy):

A

quantitative

77
Q

Common, particularly in the reproductive tract:

A

agenesis/aplasia

78
Q

Agenesis/aplasia XY disorders affect:

A

testis development, androgen synthesis defects,etc.

79
Q

In the case of disorders of sexual development, rudimentary gonads may develop in these syndromes called __________ or ___________.

A

dysgenesis; “defective development”

80
Q

Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome in miniature Schnauzers:

A

XY males with normal sex organs, often cryptorchid, and a complete paramesonephric system (uterus)

81
Q

“deficient formation”; failure of an organ to obtain full size:

A

hypoplasia

82
Q

Where is hypoplasia often found?

A

young animals

83
Q

lack of an orifice:

A

atresia

84
Q

narrowing of lumen -

A

stenosis

85
Q

When do events of hypoplasia occur?

A

later in development, usually unknown etiology

86
Q

a sinus tract leading from one hollow viscus to another

A

fistula

87
Q

What are some viral diseases that can congenital cerebellar hypoplasia?

A
  1. feline panleukopenia virus
  2. blue tongue (lambs)
  3. BVDV (bovine viral diarrhea virus)
88
Q

What are the two types of hypoplasia?

A

congenital, hereditary

89
Q

When do animals usually succumb to hereditary hypoplasia?

A

in early adult hood

90
Q

A normal feature of some breeds - LaMancha goats (gopher and elf ears):

A

auricular hypoplasia (hereditary)

91
Q

Autosomal dominant trait, normal at bird, develop folding at 3 weeks. Defective cartilage succumbs to gravity. May also have osteohyschondroplasia:

A

Scottish fold cats (hereditary hypoplasia)

92
Q

the study of congenital malformations:

A

teratology

93
Q

What is the most common congenital CNS abnormality?

A

hydrocephalus

94
Q

What are four possible causes on congenital hydrocephaly?

A
  1. in utero virus infection
  2. abnormalities in ependyma or ventricular system
  3. infection witih blockage of CSF outflow
  4. parenchyma loss
95
Q

What happens to the head with congenital hydrocephalus?

A

doming cranium - bones thin, fontanelles prominent

96
Q

Ingestion of what plant causes cyclopia in lambs?

A

Veratrum californicum

Veterinary Pathology (14 decks)

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