Unit 4.5 and 4.6

Question 1

New Growth - “an abnormal mass of tissue, with excessive and uncoordinated growth that persists after the original stimulus is absent”

Answer 1

neoplasia

Question 2

originally used to describe inflammation, now the term implies “neoplasia”

Answer 2

tumor

Question 3

doesn’t invade local tissues but may still cause disease

Answer 3

benign

Question 4

invades and spreads within the body (metastasis), resulting in death

Answer 4

malignant

Question 5

What type of progression in neoplasia?

Answer 5

stepwise

Question 6

a disorderly pattern of growth (ill defined term)

Answer 6

dysplasia

Question 7

loss of differentiation:

Answer 7

anaplasia

Question 8

For tumors there is/are usually ___ cell(s) of origin. What are the two categories of cells they can be?

Answer 8

1; mesenchymal or epithelial

Question 9

For a mesenchymal tumor, we use the suffix _____ for benign tumors, and __________ for malignant tumors.

Answer 9

-oma; -sarcoma

Question 10

tumors that can arise from endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm:

Answer 10

epithelial

Question 11

benign epithelial tumor, from a gland, or making a tubular pattern:

Answer 11

adenoma

Question 12

benign epithelial tumor that is exyophytic/frondose (sticking out from a surface) from a skin or mucosal surface

Answer 12

papilloma

Question 13

benign epithelial tumor that is smooth and bulging from the mucosal surface

Answer 13

polyp

Question 14

Adenocarcinoma has a:

Answer 14

glandular pattern

Question 15

malignant epithelial tumors have the suffix:

Answer 15

-carcinoma

Question 16

preinvasive form, neoplasm remains within the epithelium without invasion

Answer 16

carcinoma in-situ

Question 17

tumors that demonstrate stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 17

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 18

tumors that produce abundant mucin

Answer 18

mucinous carcinoma

Question 19

formation of abundant collage stroma (scirrhous response) around areas of tumors:

Answer 19

desmoplasia (a type a carcinoma)

Question 20

Indicates that the tumor is particularly invasive:

Answer 20

desmoplasia

Question 21

mixed tumors =

Answer 21

multiple cell types

Question 22

stem cell origin tumors -

Answer 22

differentiates into various mature cell types

Question 23

disorganized mature cells in a normal location

Answer 23

hamartoma

Question 24

normal mature tissue in an abnormal site (dermoid)

Answer 24

choristoma

Question 25

What are the differentiation characteristics of benign tumors? (3)

Answer 25

- well differentiated - structure similar to tissue of origin - no anaplasia

Question 26

What are the differentiation characteristics of malignant tumors (3)?

Answer 26

- poorly differentiated - tissue of origin may be unclear - variable anaplasia

Question 27

What are the growth rate characteristics of benign tumors (4)?

Answer 27

- slow, progressive - rare mitoses - normal mitoses - little necrosis

Question 28

What are the growth rate characteristics of malignant tumors (4)

Answer 28

- rapid growth - frequent mitoses - abnormal mitoses - necrosis

Question 29

What is local invasion like for benign tumors (3)?

Answer 29

- no invasion - cohesive growth - capsule often present

Question 30

What is the local invasion like for malignant tumors (3)?

Answer 30

- invasion - infiltration - no capsule

Question 31

variation in cell size

Answer 31

Anisocytosis

Question 32

variation in nuclear size

Answer 32

anisokaryosis

Question 33

variation in cell shape

Answer 33

pleomorphism

Question 34

nuclei become darker due to increased DNA content:

Answer 34

hyperchromasia

Question 35

Neoplastic cells escape the normal limits of what three things?

Answer 35

- cell division - stimulatory/inhibitory factors - apoptosis

Question 36

If neoplastic cells evade most regulatory mechanisms, why is tumor growth not exponential?

Answer 36

still have irreversible cell cycle arrest and cell death within the tumors

Question 37

arrests normal cell cycle to allow DNA repair:

Answer 37

p53 (tumor suppressor)

Question 38

What can help to arrest the cell life cycle at checkpoints G1/S and G2/M?

Answer 38

DNA damage

Question 39

damaged cells permanently arrest in G1, a result of p53 or retinoblastoma pathways:

Answer 39

senescence

Question 40

the time before a tumor is clinically detectable:

Answer 40

latent period

Question 41

Neoplasia has stepwise development. What are the 3 steps?

Answer 41

1. initiation 2. promotion 3. progression

Question 42

the introduction of an irredversible genetic change by a carcinogen (stable mutation in the DNA) - may allow a selective advantage in the cell:

Answer 42

initiation (1st step in stepwise development of neoplasia)

Question 43

stimuli (promoters - non mutagenic) cause the growth of the initiated cells - a benign tumor

Answer 43

promotion (2nd step in stepwise development of neoplasia)

Question 44

Benign tumors become malignant - a complex and poorly understood process of genetic and epigenetic changes in the tumor cells

Answer 44

progression (3rd step in the stepwise development of neoplasia)

Question 45

the connective tissues (collagen, proteins, glycoproteins, vessels, fibroblasts, and immune cells)

Answer 45

stroma

Question 46

Stroma may form a capsule around the tumor which helps:

Answer 46

limit spread

Question 47

an extensive fibrous reaction is often referred to as a:

Answer 47

scirrhous response

Question 48

a defining characteristic of malignancy:

Answer 48

metastasis

Question 49

How do malignant tumors spread to different sites in the body?

Answer 49

lymphatics, blood vessels, and/or direct dissemination

Question 50

penetrate endothelium and access the vessel lumen

Answer 50

intravasation

Question 51

To move through the body, epithelial cells prefer the __________ while mesenchymal cells prefer ____________.

Answer 51

lymphatics; blood vessels