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Veterinary Pathology > Unit 1.3-1.4 > Flashcards

Unit 1.3-1.4 Flashcards

1
Q

the accumulation of abnormal quantities of water in the tissues or body cavities

A

edema

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2
Q

What are the gross classifications of edema (6)?

A

swollen, pits on pressure, cool to touch, not reddened, no pain, distended lymphatics

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3
Q

initiated by endothelial damage and accomplished by vasoconstriction and formation of a platelet plug

A

primary hemostasis

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4
Q

What two things initiate vasoconstriction?

A

neurogenic and chemical mediators

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5
Q

What is the first line of defense against accidental blood loss?

A

platelets

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6
Q

How long do platelets live?

A

5-10 days

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7
Q

contractile protein inside platelets that functions for clot retraction:

A

thrombosthenin

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8
Q

What initiates secondary hemostasis?

A

when the platelet plug is insufficient to stop hemorrhage

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9
Q

What is the end product of secondary hemostasis?

A

fibrin

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10
Q

Where are most coagulation factors synthesized?

A

liver

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11
Q

Which coagulation factors require cofactor Vitamin K for post synthetic modification so that they can bind calcium?

A

10, 9, 7, 2

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12
Q

What is the first coagulation factor in the common pathways?

A

Xa

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13
Q

most important inactivator of thrombin and is much more potent when bound to heparin or endothelial cells:

A

antithrombin III

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14
Q

What determines the effectiveness of vasoconstriction?

A

size of vessel, amount of smooth muscle in the vessel wall

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15
Q

What drug is sometimes referred to as COX inhibitors?

A

NSAIDS

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16
Q

What body process is cyclooxygenase involved in?

A

inflammation

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17
Q

What happens when the substances released from platelets are released inappropriately in the arteries?

A

artherosclerotic lesions

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18
Q

Which protein within the platelets enables clot contraction and consolidation and requires ATP to work?

A

thrombosthenin

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19
Q

Abnormalities in vascular permeability or hemostasis can result in injury, even…

A

with an intact blood supply

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20
Q

What are the three things that normal fluid homeostasis encompasses?

A
  • maintenance of vessel wall integrity
  • intravascular pressure
  • osmolarity (within certain physiological ranges)
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21
Q

What three things can affect the net movement of water across the vascular wall?

A

changes in vascular volume, pressure, or protein content

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22
Q

What percentage of lean body weight it water?

A

60%

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23
Q

How much body weight is intracellular? Extra? Plasma?

A

66%, 25%, 8%

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24
Q

What are the three common locations to see edema?

A

SQ, brain, lungs (but may occur in any tissue)

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25
Q

Microscopically manifests only as subtle cell swelling, with clearing and separation of the intracellular matrix elements

A

edema

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26
Q

fluid in pleural cavity

A

hydrothorax

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27
Q

fluid in pericardial sac

A

hydropericardium

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28
Q

fluid in uterine tube

A

hydrosalpinx

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29
Q

accumulation of fluid in the brain

A

hydrocephalus

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30
Q

fluid-filled cyst anywhere in the body

A

hydrocoele

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31
Q

edema in the peritoneal cavity

A

ascites (hydroperitoneum)

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32
Q

severe and generalized edema, with profound SQ tissue swelling

A

anasarca

33
Q

What are two causes of intracellular edema?

A
  1. depression of metabolic systems of the tissues or lack of adequate nutrition to cells
  2. inflammation
34
Q

What is the three causes of extracellular edema?

A
  1. abnormal leakage of fluid from blood capillaries
  2. failure of lymphatic system
  3. renal retention of salt and water
35
Q

Fluid accumulation due to hydrostatic imbalances between IV and EV compartments DESPITE normal vascular permeability; clear, colorless, or slightly yellow

A

transudate (non-inflammatory edema)

36
Q

Related to increased endothelial permeability -caused by leakage of plasma proteins (mainly albumin) and leukocytes; usually opaque

A

exudate (inflammatory edema)

37
Q

Common locations of generalized edema in horses:

A

ventral abdomen/thorax, distal extremities (if severe)

38
Q

Common location of generalized edema in cats:

A

hydrothorax

39
Q

Common locations of generalized edema in cows:

A

intermandibular space, brisket area (thoracic inlet)

40
Q

Common location of generalized edema in dogs:

A

ascites (abd. cavity)

41
Q

How can bacteria cause edema?

A

toxins released by bacteria can cause vascular leakage of proteins

42
Q

2 common features of the micro-appearance of edema:

A
  1. separation of tissues by spaces that are clear or pink

2. dilation of lymphatic vessels

43
Q

increased intravascular pressure causes…

A

transudate

44
Q

decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure (proteins in blood stream, sucking water into vessels) causes….

A

transudate

45
Q

increased vascular permeability causes…

A

transudate (this is NOT inflammation)

46
Q

lymphatic obstruction causes…

A

exudate

47
Q

What two common organs can fail and cause edema?

A

kidneys, heart

48
Q

Which two Starling’s forces are typically balanced so that there is no net gain or loss of fluid across the capillary bed?

A
  1. capillary hydrostatic pressure

2. osmotic forces

49
Q

Which two functions of Starling’s forces can lead to extravascular fluid (edema)?

A
  1. increased hydrostratic pressure

2. decreased plasma oncotic pressure

50
Q

What path does the lymphatics take to remove excess extravascular volume?

A

returns to circulation via the thoracic duct

51
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure in mm Hg at the arterial end of the capillary?

A

37

52
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure in mm Hg at the venous end of the capillary?

A

17

53
Q

Three main diseases that can cause increased hydrostatic pressure, resulting in impaired venous return and congestion:

A

congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, obstruction of the narrowing veins

54
Q

As a result of hypoproteinemia, fluid and sodium are not reabsorbed at the venous end of the capillary are so…

A

fluid is accumulated in the interstitium as edema

55
Q

List the five main diseases the can cause decreased oncotic pressure of the plasma (hypoproteinemia)

A

kidney disease, cirrhosis of the liver/liver failure, malnutrtion, protein-losing gastroenteropathies, GI parasitism

56
Q

List some of the main diseases that cause lymphatic obstruction (4):

A

inflammation, neoplasia (spreads/metastasizes), post-surgical, post-irradiation

57
Q

2 responsible diseases/conditions that cause sodium retention, resulting in increased plasma volume:

A

heart failure, kidney disease

58
Q

released from the juxtaglomerular appartus:

A

renin

59
Q

causes secretion of aldosterone:

A

angiotensin

60
Q

causes increased absorption of Na in the kidneys

A

aldosterone

61
Q

Heart failure leads to…

A

hypOperfusion of the kidneys

62
Q

What are the two effects of kidney disease?

A

Na not excreted, results in Na retention

63
Q

an active process resulting in increased tissue blood flow due to arteriolar dilation

A

active hyperemia

64
Q

Why is the affected area of active hyperemia red?

A

because of engorgement with oxygenated blood

65
Q

When are two common times to see active hyperemia?

A
  1. skeletal muscles during exercise

2. at sites of inflammation

66
Q

a passive process resulting from impaired outflow from a tissue

A

congestion

67
Q

What two things could cause interference with venous drainage?

A

heart failure (systemic), isolated venous obstruction (local)

68
Q

Why does congestion have a red-blue coloration (cyanosis)?

A

accumulation of deoxygenated blood

69
Q

What are three main causes of congestion?

A

heart failure, venous occlusion, hypostasis

70
Q

What is most affected if the heart is left-sided heart failure?

A

lung most affected (chronic pulmonary congestion)

71
Q

What is most affected in right-sided heart failure?

A

liver most affected (chronic passive congestion)

72
Q

thrombus, pressure, twisting =

A

venous occlusion (localized)

73
Q

Not moving around enough to get the blood flowing:

A

hypostasis

74
Q

blood pooling in organs and tissues on the lower side of a recumbent animal; contrast to livor mortis

A

hypostatic congestion

75
Q

Caused by any disease that results in right heart failure (RHF), usually of the liver

A

chronic passive congestion

76
Q

caused by any disease that results in left heart failure, output mismatch

A

chronic pulmonary congestion

77
Q

In active hyperemia, increased inflow leads to engorgement with oxygenated blood, resulting in:

A

erythema

78
Q

In congestion, diminished outflow leads to a capillary bed swollen with deoxygenated venous blood and resulting in:

A

cyanosis

79
Q

Effects of chronic congestion (4):

A
  1. anoxic injury (atrophy & fibrosis)
  2. thrombosis
  3. edema
  4. hemosiderin disposition

Veterinary Pathology (14 decks)

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