Unit 3

Question 1

Pilot study

Answer 1

Small scale preliminary study integral to development of investigation

Question 2

What does pilot study evaluate

Answer 2

Feasibility, cost, time, statistical variability and adverse events

Question 3

What are pilot studies used for (3)

Answer 3

To help establish number of repeat measurements required, assess validity and ensure an appropriate range of values for the independent variable

Question 4

Simple experiments

Answer 4

Single independent variable

Question 5

Multifactorial experiment

Answer 5

More than one independent variable or combo of treatments

Question 6

In vivo

Answer 6

In body

Question 7

In vitro

Answer 7

Outside body

Question 8

Observational studies

Answer 8

If cannot control things die to ethical concerns or impracticality, just observe. Less useful for causation but good for correlation

Question 9

Confounding variables

Answer 9

Ones outside independent variable that may affect dependent variable
Keep constant or monitored

Question 10

Blocking

Answer 10

If confounding variables cannot be controlled their effects are minimised by selecting control groups in which effects of confounding variables are equal

Question 11

Randomised experimental design

Answer 11

Individuals are randomly assigned to an experimental group reliable

Question 12

Randomised block design

Answer 12

If specific differences among groups of subjects occur eg gender then divided into homogenous groups then randomly assigned to treatment group

Question 13

Controls

Answer 13

Parallel treatment in which factor being investigated is kept constant or at standard conditions

Question 14

Negative control

Answer 14

Negates false positive. Addition of denatured enzyme when studying effect of enzyme on substrate

Hydrogen peroxide with water

Question 15

Positive control

Answer 15

Included to check system can detect positive result negate false positive

Hydrogen peroxide with cátales

Question 16

Placebo

Answer 16

Treatment designed to be harmless and have no effect. No one knows that they’ve taken

Question 17

Sampling types

Answer 17

Stratified
Systematic
Random

Question 18

Random sampling

Answer 18

each member has equal chance of selection

Question 19

Stratified

Answer 19

Population is divided into categories that are then sampled proportionally

Question 20

Systematic sampling

Answer 20

Members of a population are selected at regular intervals

Question 21

Representative sample must

Answer 21

Share same mean as whole population, share same variation as the whole population

Question 22

Accuracy depends on

Answer 22

Quality of apparatus and skill of scientists taking the measurement. How close the data is to the actual value

Question 23

Precision depends on

Answer 23

Choosing the correct apparatus and using ur properly. Closeness of repeated measurements to each other

Question 24

Reliability depends on

Answer 24

Consistency of results each time the activity is repeated

Question 25

Validity depends on

Answer 25

How robust the experimental design is, how precise, accurate and relatable the results are

Question 26

Replication

Answer 26

A completely separate repeat of the whole experiment with new samples etc Tank a tank b

Question 27

Repetition

Answer 27

Different samples measured in an experiment One person- 3 blood samples Or Three people- three blood samples

Question 28

How to make Natural variation not a problem

Answer 28

Sample size large enough so that any differences between organisms are not hidden by natural variation between organisms

Question 29

Types of data presentation

Answer 29

Qualitative quantitative ranked

Question 30

Error bars

Answer 30

Lines through point on graph parallel to an axis which shows variation in the data

Question 31

Confidence intervals

Answer 31

Statistical estimate of range of values within certain percentage of the population would be found

Question 32

Types of correlations

Answer 32

Positive negative no | Strong weak very weak

Question 33

Anything that cannot be proven or disproven is

Answer 33

Non falsifiable and do not have a place in science

Question 34

Scientific cycle

Answer 34

``` Make observations and construct a hypothesis Design an experiment to test hypothesis Gather and record data Evaluate results and draw conclusions Revise hypothesis if necessary ```

Question 35

Results must be

Answer 35

Reproducible

Question 36

Negative results are good because they (3)

Answer 36

Prevent needless duplicates of results Inspire others to alter the experiment and gain positive Make more realistic

Question 37

Why is peer review important

Answer 37

Assessed quality and suitability

Question 38

How to maintain integrity and honesty

Answer 38

Unbiased presentation and open about funding source Avoid plagiarism Replication must be possible Cite and supply references

Question 39

3Rs

Answer 39

Reduce Replace Refine

Question 40

Ethic checks for human studies (4)

Answer 40

Informed consent Right to withdraw data Confidentiality No harm