Unit2.1 2.2

Question 1

Fitness

Answer 1

The indication of an individual’s ability to be successful both at surviving and repeoducing

Question 2

Absolute fitness

Answer 2

Ratio of frequency of a particular genotype from one generation to the next

Question 3

Relative fitness

Answer 3

Ratio of surviving offspring of one genotype compared with other genotypes eg size of wings

Question 4

How to calculate relative fitness

Answer 4

Number of surviving offspring of individual with particular genotype divided by number of surviving offspring of individual with most successful genotype

Question 5

How to calculate absolute fitness

Answer 5

Frequency of genotype after selection divided by frequency of genotype before selection

Question 6

If absolute fitness is 1 then

Answer 6

Genotype is stable

Question 7

If absolute fitness is less than 1 then

Answer 7

Decreased fitness

Question 8

If absolute fitness is more than 1 then

Answer 8

Increased fitness

Question 9

If relative fitness is 1 then

Answer 9

Most successful genotype

Question 10

Evolution

Answer 10

The change over time in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inherited traits

Question 11

Consistent change in allele frequency=

Answer 11

Population evolving

Question 12

Evolution can occur through

Answer 12

Genetic drift
Natural selection
Sexual selection

Question 13

Co- evolution

Answer 13

A change in the genetic characteristics of one or more species in response to a change in the genetic characteristics of another

Question 14

Frequently seen in species that interact closely:

Answer 14

Herbivores and plant
Pollinators and plant
Predators and prey
Parasites and host

Question 15

Red queen hypothesis

Answer 15

Continuing adaptation is needed in order for a species to maintain its relative fitness amongst the system it is co evolving with

Question 16

Study of animal behaviour

Answer 16

Ethology

Question 17

Animal behaviour- events

Answer 17

Short discrete movements

Question 18

Animal behaviour States

Answer 18

Longer periods of time

Question 19

How do u measure animal behaviour

Answer 19

Ethogram

Question 20

Types of ethogram

Answer 20

Occurrence
Focal
Scan

Question 21

Anthropomorphism

Answer 21

The attribution of human characteristics or behaviours to non human animals

Question 22

Accuracy

Answer 22

How close ur measurement is to the actual value

Question 23

Precision

Answer 23

Measurement of the closeness of two of more measurements of the same sample

Question 24

What do u have to check when sampling is

Answer 24

Bias
Representation
Sample size
Legislation

Question 25

Types of sampling

Answer 25

Random Systematic Stratified

Question 26

Systematic sampling

Answer 26

Selects members of a population at regular intervals

Question 27

Stratified sampling

Answer 27

Divides the population into categories samples proportionally

Question 28

Hazard

Answer 28

A situation or circumstance that has the potential to cause harm

Question 29

Risks

Answer 29

The likelihood of harm potentially caused by a hazard

Question 30

Risk assessment

Answer 30

Conscious process of identifying the hazard, the risk associated, the subsequent identification and implementation of control measures

Question 31

Taxonomy

Answer 31

The organisation of life into a hierarchy of closely related species

Question 32

Taxonomy groups

Answer 32

``` Domain Kingdom Phyla Class Order Family Genus Species ```

Question 33

Animal taxonomic groups you need to know

Answer 33

Nematodes Arthropods Chordates

Question 34

Model organisms

Answer 34

Species that have been studied extensively

Question 35

Phylogenetics

Answer 35

Uses fossil data as well as morphology and protein structure to make inferences on organisms’ evolutionary relatedness

Question 36

Three domains of life

Answer 36

Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota

Question 37

Divergent evolution

Answer 37

Accumulation of differences as species from a common ancestor undergo changes over time. Occurs when different selection pressures are acting on each lineage

Question 38

Convergent evolution

Answer 38

Similar structures that have evolved from different ancestries. This occurs when very similar selection pressures are acting on these unrelated lineages

Question 39

Estimating population size

Answer 39

N=MC/R N population M number captured and marked 1st sample C number captured in 2nd sample R number recaptured

Question 40

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium principle

Answer 40

In the absence of evolutionary influences, allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant over generations

Question 41

Conditions required to maintain HW equilibrium

Answer 41

``` No natural selection Random mating No mutation Large population size No gene flow ```

Question 42

HW equation

Answer 42

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

Question 43

Why is HW useful

Answer 43

You can use it to identify changes in allele frequencies and therefore provide evidence that evolution is taking place

Question 44

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 44

Different sexes of same species show different characteristics beyond sexual organs

Question 45

Reverse sexual dimorphism

Answer 45

Different dimorphisms than expected eg females bigger than males