Unit 3 Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Which is not part of the skeleton system?
a. Bone marrow.
b. Ligaments.
c. Tendons.
d. Blood.
A
Blood
2
Q
The bone is broken, but does not protrude through the skin. This is also known as a closed fracture
A
simple fracture
3
Q
The broken bone does protrude through the skin. This is also known as an open fracture
A
compound fracture
4
Q
This fracture exists when many small pieces and bone chips have been created
A
comminuted fracture
5
Q
This type of fracture results from tremendous forces that cause the bone to telescope
within itself
A
compression fracture
6
Q
What is the point on which applied muscle action results in motion?
A
Insertion
7
Q
Which part of the muscle is the fixed or stationary attachment of the muscle to the skeleton?
A
origin
8
Q
Which part of the muscle is the large, fleshy prominence that forms the bulk of the muscle?
A
belly
9
Q
This microscopic method of
contraction involving the proteins actin and myosin is called
A
the sliding filament mechanism
10
Q
This can store oxygen until it is
needed by the muscle cell
A
myoglobin
11
Q
Wasting away of muscle is called
A
atrophy
12
Q
The process of increasing both the size and number of
muscle fibers is called
A
hypertrophy
13
Q
In addition to transporting different gases, hormones, nutrients, and waste products around the body, this system helps regulate body temperature
A
Circulatory system
14
Q
The top layer and the least dense component of blood is called
A
plasma
15
Q
This thin layer of blood is a whitish layer that contains the leukocytes and platelets
A
buffy coat
16
Q
The bottom layer and densest component of blood is called
A
erythrocytes
17
Q
Platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes make up the
A
formed elements of blood
18
Q
The blood group containing B antigens and anti-A antibodies is group
A
B
19
Q
The blood group containing A antigens and anti-B
antibodies is group
A
A
20
Q
The blood group containing both A and B antigens
but no antibodies is group
A
AB
21
Q
The blood group containing no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies is group
A
O
22
Q
Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
A
arteries
23
Q
Which blood vessel carries blood towards the heart?
A
ventricles
24
Q
If there is an insufficient volume of blood to meet the body’s needs, the condition is known as
A
circulatory shock
25
The common passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems is the
pharynx
26
The main function of the larynx is
phonation
27
The destruction of lung tissue making less tissue available for gas exchange
Emphysema
28
An allergic response causing a narrowing of the small
airways making it difficult to move air in and out
asthma
29
As WBCs and fluids
accumulate in the lungs, gas exchange is impaired
Pneumonia
30
Protein digestion begins
with the release of the enzyme pepsin into the stomach
31
In which area of the digestive tract does the greatest nutrient absorption take place?
Small intestine.
32
An example of a vestigial organ is the
appendix
33
Which organ secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine?
Pancreas
34
As PH technicians we are primarily concerned with this gland because they are the target of the mumps virus
and become quite swollen when inflamed
Parotid salivary glands
35
What organ produces bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats, and excretes bilirubin, which is a
breakdown product formed from the hemoglobin in RBC
liver
36
This organ stores concentrated bile and releases it when it is needed to digest a high fat meal
gallbladder
37
How much filtrate does it take to produce approximately 1 milliliter (ml) of urine under
normal kidney function?
125 ml
38
The meatus is part of which structure in the male?
Urethra
39
Which male structure is an external pendulous sac containing the testes and epididymis
scrotum
40
Which male structure is where sperm enters for final maturation and storage
Epididymis
41
A gland that secretes nutrients for sperm
Seminal vesicles
42
This male structure secretes a fluid to increase the motility of the sperm and protects sperm from the acid environment of the female tract
prostate
43
A fibrous tube between the vagina and uterus
cervix
44
This female structure nourishes the implanted
embryo during pregnancy
uterus
45
Hollow tubes which stem from each side of the uterus
Fallopian tubes
46
Two oval-shaped structures located in the abdominal cavity on each side of the uterus.
These organs produce the female sex cells called ova and the female hormones,
estrogen and progesterone
ovaries
47
What are the fringe-like structures that draw ovum into the fallopian tubes?
Fimbriae
48
Which process is not continuous?
a. Spermatogenesis.
b. Menstruation.
c. Oogenesis.
d. Ovulation.
c. Oogenesis
49
Which process is continuous?
a. Spermatogenesis.
b. Menstruation.
c. Oogenesis.
d. Ovulation.
a. Spermatogenesis
50
Fertilization occurs in the
fallopian tube
51
At how many weeks in the development of a fetus the fetal heart is pumping blood, the spinal cord and digestive system are forming, and arm and leg buds are present
4
52
At how many weeks in the development of a fetus are fingers and toes forming?
8
53
Substances that cause physical defects in the developing embryo are called
teratogens
54
Which substances reduce the numbers of sperm or ova in the body?
Gametotoxins
55
Which substance is capable of causing cancer?
Carcinogens
56
Which substance disrupt the cell’s DNA resulting in a genetic defect?
Mutagens
57
This term refers to the physical
changes that can be measured and occur in a steady and orderly manner
growth
58
This term relates to changes in psychological and social functioning
development
59
Rapid physical, psychological, and social development characterize this period
Infant growth and development (birth to 1 year)
60
A toddler is expected to weigh four times the birth weight at age
24 months
61
In this stage, the child shows increased independence and
intellectual development
Preschool growth and development—3 to 6 years
62
School is the greatest event that takes place during this
stage
Middle childhood growth and development—6 to 8 years
63
This stage is also known as preadolescence
Late childhood growth and development—9 to 12 years
64
This stage is usually the period of separation from parents and the establishment of lifetime goals
Adolescent growth and development–12 to 20 years
65
This stage is usually a time when people look back at the goals that have been accomplished so far
Middle adult growth and development—40 to 65 years
66
An increase in life expectancy has led to the creation of
gerontology—the scientific study of the problems of aging
67
Chemical substances secreted into body fluids, usually the bloodstream, and they exert
physiologic control on other cells of the body are called
hormones
68
Secretion of hormones is controlled by a process known as
negative feedback
69
Is called the master gland because it controls the secretions of so many other endocrine glands
Pituitary gland
70
What is the condition where too much thyroxine is produced?
Hyperthyroidism
71
What is the condition where too little thyroxine is produced?
hypothyroidism
72
What is the condition characterized by swelling
of the thyroid gland?
goiter
73
This produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, the body’s “fight or flight” response
Adrenal glands
74
Which hormone controls the production of testosterone in the male?
luteinizing hormone (LH)
75
Which hormone regulates sperm production in the male?
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
76
The pancreas secretes two hormones, insulin and
glucagon
77
Which neuron process carries impulses away from the cell body?
axons
78
Which neuron process carries impulses towards the cell body?
dendrites
79
Which neurons are responsible from transmitting the impulses they receive from the spinal cord and brain and transmitting to all of the body?
sensory neurons
80
Which neurons are responsible for transmitting away from the brain and spinal cord to muscle and glandular tissue?
motor neurons
81
Which neuron has the important job of
transmitting impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons?
interneurons
82
Which contains insulating myelin coatings and is found in the spinal cord?
White matter
83
Which contains cell bodies and is found in the cerebrum?
Gray matter
84
What protects the brain beneath the skull and the spinal cord beneath the vertebral column?
Meninges
85
What provides a protective layer within and around the brain and spinal cord?
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
86
What chemical substance crosses the synapse and enables the impulse to move from one neuron to the next?
Acetylcholine
87
The skin is the largest organ of the body and has four primary functions; sensation, protection, secretion, and
temperature regulation
88
Up to how many liters of fluid per hour can be lost through sweat under very hot conditions?
4
89
Reddening of the skin is called
erythema
90
Inflammation of the skin is called
Dermatitis
91
Swelling is called
Induration
92
A blister filled with pus is called
Pustule
93
A blister or elevation filled with fluid, not pus, is a
vesicle
94
An erosion of the skin surface is called
Ulcer
95
Reddened, solid elevation of the skin is called
Papule
96
A reddened, flat spot on the skin is called
Macule
97
The white protective layer on the outside of the eyeball is the
sclera
98
The clear protective layer on the front of the eyeball is called the
cornea
99
This part of the eye contains the receptor cells known as the rods and cones
retina
100
Which is an example of an anatomical defense mechanism?
Phagocytes
101
Which immunity produces antibodies following an actual infection?
Naturally acquired active immunity
102
Which immunity produces antibodies in response to vaccination
Artificially acquired active immunity
103
Which immunity acquire antibodies via natural transfer (i.e. antibodies may pass from the immune mothers
to the fetuses across the placental barrier)?
Naturally acquired passive immunity
104
Which immunity consist of antibodies that were produced in one person and injected into another?
Artificially acquired passive immunity
105
This type of immunity is when antibodies produced by another person are passed on to the recipient
Passive immunity
106
This type of immunity is when the body actively produces antibodies in response to an exposure of an agent
Active immunity
107
The diagnosis of disease by detection of antibodies in the blood (serum) is called
serology
108
Any foreign substance that stimulates the body to produce an immune response is called an
antigen
109
Antibodies are frequently called
immunoglobulins
110
Which antibody is usually the first to respond to an infection?
IgM.
111
Which antibody is the only antibody small enough to cross the placenta in the
immune mother; involved in
secondary response to infection and immunization; neutralize toxins and viruses in the bloodstream and in tissues?
IgG
112
Which antibody occupies a unique position among the immunoglobulin in that it is found in body secretions?
IgA
113
Which antibody is responsible for allergic responses and believed to be important in the activation of B cells
IgE
114
What is the cell that protects the body from infection once a foreign agent has entered
lymphocyte
115
What produces chemicals that recruit other cells such as phagocytes in the immune
response?
T-Lymphocytes
116
What is the basis for humoral immunity, that is, immunity involving antibodies?
B-lymphocyte
117
Lymph vessels empty into which structure?
Lymphatic ducts
118
This structure act as a filter, removing foreign substances from the lymph as it passes through
lymph nodes
