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a psych 3/4 > unit 3 aos 1 > Flashcards

unit 3 aos 1 Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A

comprises of the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

entire network of nerves located outside the CNS
carried info to and from the CNS via somatic + autonomic

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3
Q

brain

A

an intricate network of cells that helps process info received through neural pathways from the body and helps direct actions in the body

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4
Q

neural pathways

A

a route based on interconnected neurons that form a communication network:
- within the brain
- between brain and nervous system
- between brain and body

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5
Q

spinal cord

A

long, thin, bundle of nerve tissue connecting the brain and rest of the body via the PNS
initiates spinal reflex w/o the brain

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6
Q

roles of the spinal cord

A
  • receives sensory info from the body (via PNS) and sends this info to the brain for processing
  • receives motor info from the brain and sends it to relevant parts of the body (via the PNS)
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7
Q

roles of the PNS

A
  • carries info to the CNS from the body’s muscles, organs, glands, and sensory organs
  • carries information from the CNS to the body’s muscles, organs, and glands
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8
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

connects the CNS to the body’s internal organs and glands, providing feedback to the brain about their activities

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9
Q

afferent info

A

sensory info coming to the CNS

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10
Q

efferent info

A

motor info leaving the CNS

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11
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

connects the CNS to the body’s internal organs and glands, providing feedback to the brain about their activities

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12
Q

visceral muscles

A

muscles involved in the activity of internal organs and glands

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13
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

activates internal muscles, organs, and glands to prepare for vigorous activity to deal with a stressor, threat, or emergency

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14
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms or restores the body to its normal state of functioning after the need for sympathetic nervous system activation has passed

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15
Q

enteric nervous system

A

embedded within the walls of the gastrointestinal tract and dedicated to its functioning

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16
Q

link between sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems counterbalance each other’s activities without conscious effort
one is dominant, there’s no on/off

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17
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

the part of the digestive system that comprises the hollow organs that food and liquid travel through during digestion
(mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, pancreas, gall bladder)

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18
Q

roles of the enteric nervous system

A
  • ENS and brain interact for gut movement (detect physiological condition of the GIT + provide outputs to control gut)
  • nutrient management, regulating gastric acid
  • interacting with parts of the immune and endocrine systems located in the gut
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19
Q

parts of the enteric nervous system

A

rectum, intestines, duodenum, stomach, eosophagus
liver, pancreas, gallbladder

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20
Q

conscious response

A

a reaction to a sensory stimulus that involves awareness
- voluntary and with some degree of control over it

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21
Q

unconscious response

A

a reaction to a sensory stimulus that does not involve awareness
- involuntary, automatic, we cannot ordinarily control its occurrence

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22
Q

spinal reflex

A

an unconscious, involuntary response to certain stimuli controlled solely by neural circuits in the spinal cord

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23
Q

spinal reflex

A

an unconscious, involuntary response to certain stimuli controlled solely by neural circuits in the spinal cord

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24
Q

why are spinal reflexes adaptive?

A

Spinal reflexes are considered adaptive as they save time in situations that may be very harmful to the organism.

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25
Q

neurotransmitters

A

a chemical substance produced by a neuron that carries a message to other neurons or cells in muscles, glands or other tissue. attaches itself to the receptor sites of post-synaptic neurons

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26
Q

synaptic gap

A

the tiny space between the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron and the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron

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27
Q

neural synapse + its components

A

the site where communication typically occurs between adjacent neurons
- synaptic gap
- terminal buttons of pre-synaptic neuron
- dendrites of post synaptic neuron

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28
Q

excitatory effect

A

when a neurotransmitter stimulates or activates a postsynaptic neuron to perform its functions

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29
Q

inhibitory effect

A

when a neurotransmitter blocks or prevents a postsynaptic neuron from firing and therefore performing its functions

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30
Q

reuptake

A

Neurotransmitter that does not bind to receptors in the postsynaptic neuron is absorbed back into the terminal buttons by the presynaptic neuron

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31
Q

difference between visceral muscles and skeletal muscles

A

skeletal muscles are inactive in the absence of motor messages from the brain whereas visceral muscles act independently of the brain

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32
Q

differences between somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

A
  • ## somatic nervous system initiates skeletal muscle movement, autonomic nervous system regulates activity of visceral muscles
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33
Q

glutamate

A

main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS that enhances transmission by making post-synaptic neurons more likely to fire

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34
Q

role of glutamate

A
  • learning and memory
  • strengthening of synaptic connections
  • enables synaptic plasticity
  • thought and movement
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35
Q

GABA

A

Gamma amino buryic acid
main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS making post synaptic neurons less likely to fire

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36
Q

role of GABA

A
  • prevents seizures by inhibiting firing
  • reduces anxiety
  • prevents over excitation
  • regulates post synaptic activation in pathways
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37
Q

neuromodulator

A

a neurotransmitter that can influence the effect of other neurotransmitters

38
Q

dopamine

A

neurotransmitter/neuromodulator that’s primarily responsible for voluntary motor movement, pleasure, and reward-based learning
inhibitory or excitatory

39
Q

dopamine pathways

A

originates from the mid-brain, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area

40
Q

role of dopamine

A
  • coordinate voluntary movement
  • motivates people
  • addictive behaviour
  • reward based learning
  • transmits neural info for smooth muscle movement
41
Q

serotonin

A

neurotransmitter/neuromodulator primarily responsible for mood regulation and sleep
inhibitory

42
Q

serotonin pathways

A

originates in the raphe nuclei (brainstem)

43
Q

role of serotonin

A
  • regulates + stabilises mood
  • regulating sleep/wake
  • arousal, digestion, appetite
44
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

the ability of synaptic connections to change over time in response to activity or response

45
Q

role of neurons

A

transmit, receive, and process information in the human nervous system

46
Q

mechanisms of synaptic plasticity

A

sprouting - creation of new extensions on a neuron –> new connections
pruning - elimination of weak or ineffective synaptic connections to accomodate for stronger synaptic connections
rerouting - ability of a neuron thats connected to a damaged neuron to create an alternative connection with an undamaged neuron

47
Q

neural communication

A

occurs when neurons communicate by releasing neurochemicals into the synaptic gap

48
Q

long term potentation

A

the long lasting strengthening of synaptic connections that are regularly stimulated. enhances transmission

49
Q

long term depression

A

the long lasting weakening of synaptic connections that arent regularly stimulated. less responsive transmission

50
Q

internal stressor

A

a stressor that originates within the individual

51
Q

external stressor

A

a stressor that originates outside the individual

52
Q

acute stress

A

stress that lasts for a relatively short time

53
Q

positive + negative effects of acute stress

A

positive - releases adrenaline which helps perform tasks, enhances problem solving skills
negative - elevated BP, reduced motivation to persist a task

54
Q

chronic stress

A

stress that continues for a long period of time. can seem delibitating and overwhelming

55
Q

negative effects of chronic stress

A

increased cortisol weakens immune system and harms physically and psychologically

56
Q

fight/flight/freeze

A

an involuntary response to a threatening, fearful, or otherwise stressful situation in readiness for fight/flight

all energy is directed from non-essential body systems to those that help with fight/flight

57
Q

freeze reaction

A

occurs when we’re overwhelmed by the threat that’s there’s no chance of fight or flight occuring
involves energy conservation (para) and readiness for action (sympathetic)

58
Q

tonic immobility

A

the initial frozen state of the body in a freeze reaction
adaptive

59
Q

cortisol

A

a hormone secreted from the adrenal glands in response to a stressor
more long lasting

60
Q

roles of cortisol

A
  • increases energy supplies (blood sugar + metabolism)
  • turns off body systems not immediately required
  • blocks white cell activity to reduce inflammation
  • retards tissue repair and slows wound healing
  • weakens immune system
61
Q

negative effects of long term cortisol

A
  • impaired immune system
  • build up of fat tissue
  • hypertension, atherosclerosis, digestive problems, hyperglycemia, heart attack/stroke
  • impaired memory
  • PTSD, depression, anxiety
62
Q

gut brain axis

A

a bidirectional communication link between the central and enteric nervous systems
gut microbiota and the brain communicate

63
Q

gut microbiota

A

all the microorganisms present in the digestive tract

64
Q

roles of the gut microbiota

A
  • influence the production of serotonin and other neurotransmitters in the gut
  • influences the supply of neurotransmitters
65
Q

entrotype

A

refers to the unique combination of gut microbiota we possess

66
Q

microbiome

A

collective term for a population of microbiota in and on the body. can be affected by internal and external factors

67
Q

gut dysbiosis

A

an unbalanced gut microbiome in number or type of microbiota

68
Q

link of gut and brain and stress

A
  • stress leads to changes in blood flow, gastric secretions, intestinal permeability, gut mobility
  • disruption in the gut affects mood, arousal, behaviour, decision-making, and problem solving
  • disturbances in the gut influences production and activity of neurotransmitters, immune system impairment, digestive disorders, stress reactivity, cognitive functioning, neurological conditions, and mental health disorders
69
Q

limitations of gut brain axis

A
  • reseach done with animals
  • lack of experimental research + long term studies
70
Q

lazarus and folkman

A

proposes that stress involves an encounter between an individual and their environment, and that a stress response depends on a person’s appraisal of the stressor and their ability to cope with it

71
Q

primary appraisal

A

an individual’s evaluation of the significance of a stressor that results in a decision that can be stressful, benign-positive, and irrelevant

72
Q

secondary appraisal

A

an individual’s evaluation of their ability to control/overcome a stressful situation

73
Q

types of stress lazarus and folkman

A

harm/loss - damage that’s alr happened
threat - damage that could happen
challenge - potential for personal growth

74
Q

strengths of lazarus and folkman

A
  • focuses on psychological aspects
  • explains why people respond to the same stressor in different ways
  • allows for stressors and circumstances to change
  • views stress as an interaction with the environment
75
Q

limitations of lazarus and folkman

A
  • overlooks biological aspect of stress
  • difficult to test through experimental design because it’s subjective
  • primary + secondary appraisals are difficult to isolate
76
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

a three-stage physiological response to stress involving alarm reaction (shock/countershock), resistance and exhaustion

77
Q

alarm reaction - shock

A
78
Q

alarm reaction - countershock

A
79
Q

resistance stage

A

Occurs when the individual is actively dealing with the stressor and resistance is at its highest

80
Q

exhaustion stage

A
81
Q

strengths of general adaptation syndrome

A
82
Q

limitations of the general adaptation syndrome

A
83
Q

coping

A

attempting to manage stress in an effective way

84
Q

coping strategy

A

method used to manage stress

85
Q

context specific effectiveness

A

when there is a match between the coping strategy used and the stressful situation

86
Q

coping flexibility

A

the ability to effectively modify or adjust one’s coping strategies according to the demands of different stressors

87
Q

approach coping strategy

A

an effort to cope with stress by confronting the stressor and dealing directly with it and its effects
generally more adaptive

88
Q

avoidance coping strategy

A

an effort to cope with stress by evading the stressor and dealing indirectly with it and its effects

89
Q

ganglia

A

neurons grouped together in clusters in the enteric nervous system

90
Q

differences between neuromodulators and neurotransmitters

A
  • neurotransmitters are more fast acting
  • neuromodulators influence the effects of other neurotransmitters
  • neuromodulators release chemical messages into broader areas but neurotransmitters release chemical messages into a single synapse

a psych 3/4 (5 decks)

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