unit 3 aos 2 Flashcards
classical conditioning
a type of learning that occurs through the repeated association of two (or more) different stimuli
- before conditioning, during conditioning, after conditioning
learning
a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
any stimulus that consistently produces a particular, naturally occurring, automatic response
(dog food)
unconditioned response (UCR)
the response that occurs automatically when the UCS is present
(salivating)
neutral stimulus (NS)
any stimulus that doesnt normally produce a predictable response
(bell)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
the stimulus that’s neutral at the start but eventually illicits a very similar response to that caused by the unconditioned stimulus
(bell)
conditioned response (CR)
the learned response to the conditioned stimulus
(salivating)
before conditioning
NS –> no response
UCS –> UCR
during conditioning
NS+UCS –> UCR
after conditioning
CS –> CR
factors that influence classical conditioning
- nature of response (ucr must be automatic)
- association of stimuli (if the individual doesnt associate, no conditioning)
- timing of the NS and UCS (NS before UCS, short time between them)
operant conditioning
a learning process where the consequences of behaviour determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future
operant
any response/set of responses that acts on the environment to produce a response
- antecedent, behaviour, consequence
antecedent
environmental stimulus that precedes behaviour
behaviour
voluntary activity that has an effect on the environment
consequences
the environmental event that follows behaviour
positive reinforcement
presentation of a positive reinforcer
negative reinforcement
removal of an unpleasant stimulus
positive punishment
presentation of an aversive stimulus
negative punishment
removal of a pleasant stimulus
factors that influence operant conditioning
timing, appropriateness, order of presentation
similarities between operant and classical
- both have repeated association
- in both the learned response isnt necessarily permanent
- in both quick timing leads to the best results
differences between operant and classical
- in classical the NS is associated with the UCS but in operant the behaviour is associated with the consequences
- in classical extinction occurs through only presenting the CS without the UCS but in operant extinction occurs through reduced reinforcement
- in classical the learner is passive but in operant the learner is active
- in classical the learner’s response is involuntary but in operant the learner’s behaviour is voluntary
- classical involves the ANS but operant may involve the ANS and mostly involves higher order brain processes
- in classical the timing must be close together but in operant there can be a considerable difference in time
observational learning
involves the acquisition of skills and behaviour through watching others’ performance either directly or indirectly