UNIT 3 CHAP 6

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

enduring change in the way an organism responds based on experience

Question 2

Maturation

Answer 2

change resulting from biological development

Question 3

classic conditioning

Answer 3

neutral stimulus is associated with a natural response

Question 4

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 4

stimulus that automatically
and naturally triggers a
response (dog biscuit)

Question 5

unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 5

unlearned, naturally
occurring automatic
response to the
unconditioned stimulus (drool after biscuit is placed in mouth)

Question 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

previously neutral stimulus
that, after association with an
unconditioned stimulus, comes
to trigger a conditioned
response (a bell)

Question 7

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 7

learned response to a
previously neutral conditioned
stimulus (drools before biscuit is inside mouth)

Question 8

Garcia effect

Answer 8

If a flavor is followed by an illness
experience, animals will not
consume the flavor in the future
(CS+UCS–>UCR) then (CS–>CR)

Question 9

stimulus generalization

Answer 9

If a response is
conditioned to one
stimulus, the organism
may also respond to a
similar stimulus

Question 10

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 10

Occurs when original CS
predicts CR, but similar
stimuli don’t

Question 11

extinction

Answer 11

CS no longer triggers CR bc CS ceases to predict UCS

Question 12

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

reappearance, after a
rest period, of an
extinguished CR
- temporary small return of CR
-extinction NOT forgetting

Question 13

classical conditioning (best vs worst)

Answer 13

Best: CS precedes UCS
worst: UCS precedes CS

Question 14

factors that impact speed of acquisition

Answer 14

• number of pairings
• strength of CS
  -timing of UCS and CS

Question 15

Operant conditioning

Answer 15

type of learning in which behavior (Bx) is strengthened if
followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by
punishment
Bx–>consequence–>Bx inc or dec

Question 16

positive reinforcement

Answer 16

process by which
presentation of a stimulus
after a response makes
the response more likely
to occur in the future

Question 17

negative reinforcement

Answer 17

termination of an aversive
event makes a behavior more
likely to occur in the future

Question 18

escape learning

Answer 18

learn to escape an ongoing aversive situation

Question 19

avoidance learning

Answer 19

response prevents a potentially aversive event from occurring

Question 20

types of punishment

Answer 20

Punishment decreases the likelihood
that a response will occur
-not forgotten but supressed

Question 21

positive punishment

Answer 21

presentation of aversive stimulus (parent spanks child for taking candy)

Question 22

negative punishment

Answer 22

removal something positive (time out)

Question 23

continuous reinforcement

Answer 23

reinforcing the desired response
each time it occurs
-learning occurs rapidly
-extinction occurs rapidly

Question 24

partial reinforcement

Answer 24

reinforcing a response only part
of the time
-slower acquisition
-greater resistance to extinction

Question 25

fixed ratio (schedules of partial reinforcement)

Answer 25

reinforces response only after a specified number of responses -faster you respond the more rewards you get -high rate of responding

Question 26

variable ratio

Answer 26

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses -very hard to extinguish because of unpredictability

Question 27

fixed interval

Answer 27

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed -response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

Question 28

variable interval

Answer 28

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals - produces slow steady responding -like a pop quiz

Question 29

Shaping

Answer 29

reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

Question 30

Instinctual drift

Answer 30

tendency of an animal perform an instinctual response instead of the learned response -Pigs trained to pick up large wooden nickels and deposit them into piggy banks revert back to “rooting” behaviors with the coins -hove their snouts under the coins and tossing them into the air

Question 31

superstitious behavior (real world operant conditioning)

Answer 31

Incorrect association between a behavior and a consequence

Question 32

parenting (real world operant conditioning)

Answer 32

-supermarket tantrums or swearing young

Question 33

token economy

Answer 33

small rewards can be exchanged for larger ones -use fading: gradually decrease the frequency of reinforcements -ex) sticker every-night for 4 nights, then toy for sleeping alone - then every 2 nights--> 3 nights etc.

Question 34

observational learning

Answer 34

learning by observing and imitating others -people imitate people they admire or people rewarded -can learn both helpful and hurtful behaviors