Unit 3: Chpt 6-9 Cognition and Language Flashcards
Chapter 6+7
According to Piagett, what process do children use to construct their knowledge of the world? Describe them. (at least 3 you dont know)
Schemes: are ways of understanding relation between objects that start as physical in infancy (sucking) and progress to mental
Assimilation/
Accommodation:
Organization: grouping things together and classifying (a kid who “hammers” with a screwdriver, understanding of tools)
Equilibration: is resolving conflicts of information through ass/acom
Name the 4 stages of Piagett’s theory
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
Who’s theory is the sensiormotor stage relevant? Descrbe it ,and name the most important cognitive realization for a child in this stage. (4 points)
-Piagett
-Birth-2 years
-“In this stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experienceswith motor actions”
-Developing object permanence
Who’s theory is the preoperational stage relevant? Descrbe it. (4)
Piagett
2-7yrs
“preoperational thought is the beginning of thebaility to reconstruc in thought what has been established in behaviour”
Basic reasoining and egocentricsm emerge.
Who’s theory is the concrete operational stage relevant? Descrbe it. (5)
Piagett
7-11 yrs
“logical reasoning replaces intuitive reasoning as long as the reasoning can be applied to spcific or concrete examples” (not abstract algebra)
Two tests determine a childs appearance in the CO stage: Conservation (ball of clay) and classification (tools etc)
Who’s theory is the formal operational stage relevant? Descrbe it.
Piagett
11-15
Move beyond concrete operations and think in abstract and logical ways indicated by speech (if A=B and B=C then A=C)
What are some objections to Piagett’ sensiormotor stage? (2 points)
-Children do not progress neatly from one stage to another
-Children develop mental schemes much earlier than piagett predicted (including the combining of hearing an visual stimuli)
What do the nature and nurture critiques of Piagett agree on and what do they disagree on between each other? (3 points)
-They both agree that Piagett largely “underestimated the early accomplishments of infants”
-Elizabeth Spelke (nature): children have inate knowledge structures influenced by evolution
-Mark Johnson (both): Children likely have a soft knowledge base that is quickly developed by the environment
What is egocentricm? What stage in who’s theory is this relevant too? (3)
“An important feature of preoperational thought: the inability to distinguish between one’s own and someone else’s perspective”
Piagett-Preoperational
What are the two substages of preoperational stage? What are the indicating behaviou of each?
1) The symbolic function substage
-egocentricsm
-anamism
2) The intuitive thought substage
-centration: (focusing on one aspect of the problem)
-limitations of operational thought: (water and different glass sizes)
Name and describe the 5 principles of education Piagett proposed
1-Take a constructivist appraoch: students not as recepticles
2-Facilitate rather than direct learning
3-Consider childs knowledge
4-Promote students intellectual health: dont push them
5-Exploration and discovery
What is Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development?
Is the area between skills a child can learn independently (easier) and skills that require assisstance from someone with more experience. That zone will move based on their increased learning.
How does Vygotsky consider language an important part of a childs development
Speech comes before thought
Then actions become independent of speech
Speech becomes internal dialogue or thoughts
How can you apply V’s knowledge to teaching?
-Use more skilled peers as teachers
-Evaluate and use a childs ZPD
-Place instructions in a meaningful context
What is the title of chapter 7 and what are it’s 5 categories.
Information processing
1) The information processing approach
2)Attention
3) Memory
4) Thinking
5) Metacognition
What do researchers using the informatio processing appraoch describe and analyze.
how information processing, attention, memory, thinking and meta cognition change over time.
Explain the hostorical significance of the movemet from behaviourism to the three cognitive theories
Behviourism focuses on learned assosiation to stimuli while Vygotsky, Piagett and information processing are concernr with how children think.
According to Robert Seigler, what three process work together to create changes in childrens neuroprocessing?
Encoding-commiting things to memory/distinguishing between relevant and irrelevant info
Automaticity-process information with little effort (practice)
Strategy Construction-Learning new ways of learning (like more effective study habits)
What are the main differences between Piaget and Info-processing
Piagett-abrupt stage shifts with little transition time
Info- gradual and more complex
What are the 4 ways psychologists labeled attention (p 198)
Selective attention-Focusing on one voice in a crowded room
Divided attention-more than one thing
Sustained attention-keep it for long
Executive attention-planning, monitoring progress and goals (returned attention)
Outline the development of attention in infancy (p. 198)
Orienting/investigating process: directing attention to important locations in theenvironment
Habituation/dishabituation
Joint attention-paying attention to something with someone (mom reading a book-develops lots of good skills)
Outline the development of attention in childhood (p 198)
Their attention span increases significantly,
In early childhood a child s more attracted to interesting external stimuli and by late childhood they are more keen on focusing on things that will help them perform a task
List the three main parts of memeory
Encoding-getting information into memory
Storage-retaining information over time
Retrieval-taking information out of storage
List some good outcomes of strong working memory in children’s development
-improved literacy
-Improved math skills
-Improved language learning
