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Module 4 > UNIT 3- IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

UNIT 3- IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 functions of the immune system?

A
  1. Defense: from microorganisms/prevents infections by attacking
  2. Homeostasis: Damaged cells are digested and removed from the body- maintains uniformity of different body cells.
  3. Surveillance: mutations continually arise in the human body but are normally recognized and destroyed by our immune system.
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1
Q

What is immunity?

A

Bodies ability to resist damage.

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2
Q

Components of the immune system include?

A
  1. Lymphatic system
  2. Primary and secondary lymphoid organs
  3. Hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
    4.Bone marrow myeloid tissue
  4. Lymphatic system
  5. Tonsils, adenoids, and peyer’s patches
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3
Q

What should we know about the thymus?

A
  1. located in the chest cavity near the heart
  2. It is the central lymphoid organ that produces thymosin which is a hormone that stimulates t-cell production and is where tcell development takes place.
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4
Q

What do we need to know about bone marrow or myeloid tissue?

A

It is where B and T lymphocyte formation and differentiation into B cells or T cells occur

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5
Q

What do we need to know about the lymphatic system?

A

It is part of the circulatory system that transports extra intestinal fluid back into the blood stream.

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6
Q

What should we know about the tonsils, adenoids and peyers patches?

A

Are lymphoid tissues that are located in close proximity to the mucosa surfaces w/in the body and provides another layer of protection against invading microorganisms.

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7
Q

What are antigens?

A

Substances the body recognizes as foreign that elicit an immune response

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8
Q

What are antibodies?

A
  1. Immune globulins produced by lymphocytes in response to antigens.
  2. Attach to antigens and attract cells to destroy the pathogens
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9
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A
  1. Natural
  2. Acquired
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10
Q

Innate immunity includes the first two lines of defense which are?

A
  1. Barriers- physical, biochemical, mechanical
  2. Inflammatory response- Interferon (IFN), complement, phagocytosis
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11
Q

What type of immunity provides the 3rd line of defense for the body and what are 3 examples of it?

A

Acquired (adaptive)
1. Infection
2. Vaccine
3. Antigen

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12
Q

What is the patho of innate (natural) immune response?

A
  1. Physical and mechanical barriers (anatomic barriers)- Coughing/vomiting
  2. Biochemical barriers: Secretions: trap and destroy– Skin, GI, GU tract
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13
Q

What is the patho of the inflammatory response in our immune system?

A
  1. Acute cellular injury

Which initiates the inflammatory response

  1. Vasodilation w/increased capillary permeability
  2. Increases blood flow and leukocyte movement
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14
Q

What is the patho of active adaptive immune response?

A
  1. invasion of foreign substance (natural or artificial)
  2. Body forms long-lasting immunity

Example: Chicken pox, mumps, measles

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15
Q

What is the patho of passive adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Receive antigen instead of creating their own (natural or artificial)
  2. Body immunity is short duration

Example: Mo to baby via placenta or colostrum gamma globulin injections

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16
Q

In adaptive immune response what is going on with the cellular-mediated response (T cell)?

A
  1. Activated to defend against intracellular microorganisms
17
Q

In adaptive immune response what is going on with the humoral-mediated response (B cell)?

A

Occurs in reaction to an antigenic challenge- creates antibodies that identify invaders that need to be killed

18
Q

What are the different types of acquired specific immunity?

A

Natural and artificial

19
Q

What is natural active acquired immunity?

A
  1. Natural contact with antigen through actual infection

example- chickenpox, measles, mumps

20
Q

What is passive natural acquired immunity?

A
  1. Transplacental and colostrum transfer antibodies from mother to child

immunoglobulins passed to baby

21
Q

What is active artificial acquired specific immunity?

A
  1. Immunization with antigen

vaccines for chickenpox, measles, mumps

22
Q

What is passive artificial acquired specific immunity?

A
  1. Injection of serum with antibodies from one person (injection of hepatitis B immune globulin or snake antivenom) to another person who does not have antibodies.
23
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction and types– think “ACID”

A

Type 1- Allergic
-igE-mediated; quick onset after exposure
- Bee stings, Latex, Certain Medications (e.g. penicillin)

Type II- Cytotoxic
- Cytotoxic/antibody-mediated
-Hemolytic reactions, Goodpasture syndrome, Hyperacute graft rejection

Type III- Immune complex deposition
-Immune complex/IgG/Igm mediated
-Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, serum sickness

Type IV- Delayed
-Delayed or cell-mediated
-chronic graft rejection, PPD test, Latex, Nickel, Poison Ivy

24
Q

What should our history include with our assessment of the immune system

A

History
1. Current problem
2. Age & Allergies
3. Nutrition
4. Med-Surg history
5. Immunization
6. Immune deficiences
7. Family hx
8. Social hx

25
Q

What should our physical assessment include with the assessment of the immune system?

A
  1. Inspection
  2. Auscultation
  3. Palpation & Percussion
26
Q

More specifically what do we what to know about our history in regards to the immune system?

A
  1. Constitutional- what is there overall health and symptoms
  2. Neurologic- dizziness, change in memory status, change in gait or mood swings
  3. Respiratory- Cough, sneeze, change in breathing pattern, wheezes, chest pain, palpitations
  4. GI- loss of appetite, n/v/d, abdominal pain
  5. Lymph nodes- assess for any type of bleeding where the site is that is bleeding and its characteristics and predisposition factors.
  6. Mobility and pain- assess joints, pain, stiffness, swelling, unilateral, bilateral any predispositions, have they had chemo or immunosuppressants.
27
Q

What are some age-related changes to immune system

A

Frequency & severity of infections are increased in older adults r/t

  1. decreased ability to respond to invading organisms
  2. decreased production & function of T & B lymphocytes
  3. Decreased ability of antibodies to distinguish self from non-self
  4. Fail to recognize abnormal cells.
28
Q

The aging immune system: Decreased immunologic function; less efficient immune responses leads to what?

A
  1. Increased infections especially secondary infections
29
Q

The aging immune system: Increased production of autoantibodies leads to what?

A
  1. Increased autoimmune disorders
30
Q

The aging immune system: A decline in immune response; malignant cells not respond as quickly leads to what?

A
  1. Increased cancer incidence
31
Q

Why are autoimmune disorders important in patient history?

A
  1. There is a strong genetic link
  2. Autoimmune disorders are more common in females
32
Q

Why is neoplastic disease important in patient history and what all should we ask about?

A
  1. Pt is immunocompromised– immunosuppression contributes to CA and CA contributes to immunsuppression
  2. Type of CA & date of diagnosis
  3. Have they had any treatments
    -Radiation
    - Chemo
33
Q

How does renal failure affect your immune system?

A

Renal failure= decreased lymphocytes, uremia

34
Q

How does DM affect your immune system?

A

Increase infections, vascular insufficiency & neuropathy

35
Q

How does COPD affect your immune system?

A

Recurrent respiratory tract infections –> ineffective airway clearance

36
Q

How does burns, injury & infection affect your immune system?

A
  1. Impaired skin integrity & compromised line of defense
  2. Loss of large amounts of serum in burn patients –> depletes body of immunoglobulins
37
Q

What information should we collect when obtaining history on infection and immunizations?

A
  1. Childhood/recent immunization & disease
  2. TB: exposure
  3. Recent exposure to infections
  4. Past & present infections
  5. Multiple persistent infections, FUO
  6. Lesions/sores, any type of drainage
38
Q

What family history is importamt to obtain about immunity?

A
  1. hx of malignancies
  2. hx of immune disorders
  3. hx of anemia
  4. hx of TB
39
Q

What social history is important to obtain when considering immunity?

A
  1. smoking
  2. Alcohol consumption
  3. Dietary intake & nutritional status
  4. Amount of perceived stress
  5. IV drug use
  6. Sexual practices
  7. Occupational or residential exposure to radiation or pollutants
40
Q

What dx studies can evaluate immune system competence

A
  1. Blood tests
  2. Skin tests
  3. Cultures
  4. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
  5. Radiological imaging
41
Q
A

Module 4 (29 decks)

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