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Psychology > Unit. 3 Learing Is Fun > Flashcards

Unit. 3 Learing Is Fun Flashcards

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1
Q

How does nature vs. nurture play a role in learning?

A

The idea that what we have become is dependent on how we are raised vs. who we are biologically
•Nurture: Environmental Factors
•Nature: Genetic Factors

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2
Q

Explain what classical conditioning is? How does it work?

A
  1. Classical Conditioning – Ivan Pavlov
    •Neutral Stimulus produces a reflexive involuntary Response
    •Stimulus (anything that elicits a response)
    •Learning takes place without any choice
    •Unconditioned Stimulus & Unconditioned Response become the Conditioned Response & Conditioned Stimulus
    •Example: The School Bell
    •Emotional Conditioning – John Watson
    •Little Albert: Conditioning of emotional responses on Baby Albert.
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3
Q

What is the stimulus

A

Anything that elicits a response

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4
Q

What is the consequence

A

Result

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5
Q

What is continuous reinforcement

A

Behaviors are always monitored

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6
Q

Explain what operant conditioning is

A

– B.F. Skinner & Edward
Thorndike
•Reinforcements through Punishment & Reward
•A behavior is learned or avoided as a result of its consequence (Consequence simply means result)
•Example: Every time you come home late your car gets taken from you. You learn to not be late.
•Example: You study, you get an A – you study even more to earn more A’s.
Four Types of Learning

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7
Q

What is NS US UR CS AND CR in classical conditioning

A

Do

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8
Q

What is social learning

A

Learning through society and their behaviors

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9
Q

Observational learning

A

We watch others and see the consequences of their actions

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10
Q

Bobo dolls experiment

A

Kid sees grownup hit a doll so he does it

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11
Q

How are attitudes formed?

A

Set of beliefs and feelings
Peripheral route
Mere exposure defect
Central route

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12
Q

Peripheral route

A

What other aspects of the message push you like/dislike diverging

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13
Q

Mere exposure

A

The more someone is exposed to something the more or less they like it

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14
Q

Central route

A

How do you process the content of the message

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15
Q

Foot in the door

A

•Foot in the Door: If you get someone to do a small request, it is easier to get them to do a larger request later. (Ex: “Can I borrow a dollar?” 2 weeks later, “Can I borrow 5 dollars?”

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16
Q

Attribution theory

A

•Attribution Theory : How people determine the cause of what they saw- how to explain causes of behavior or events

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17
Q

Individualist cultures

A

ltures: importance of uniqueness of the individual is stressed

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18
Q

Stereotypes

A

hat members of different groups are like. These expectations influence the way we interact with members of these groups. Can be neg

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19
Q

Discrimination

A

Discrimination: Involves an action- an act on ones prejudice.

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20
Q

In group bias

A

•In Group Bias: See yourself as a good person, therefore people who share your group membership are good as well

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21
Q

Hostile aggression

A

d to secure a particular end
•Hostile Aggression: No clear purpose. What causes this?
•Freud thinks it might be linked to Thanatos (the death instinct)
• Sociobiologists think it might be adaptive under certain circumstances.
•Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis: holds that the feeling of frustration makes aggression more likely
•Modeling

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22
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A

•Pluralistic ignorance: People decide what is appropriate by looking to others.

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23
Q

Bystander effect

A
  • Bystander effect: Lots of people in a situation- less likely to help because it diffuses the responsibility.
  • “Someone else” will take action.
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24
Q

Instrumental aggression

A

•Instrumental Aggression: Aggression is when the aggressive act is intended to secure a partic

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25
Contract theory
udice •Contract Theory: Contact between hostile groups reduce animosity but only if groups are made to work toward a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of.
26
Our group
The others
27
In group
People of their own group
28
Group polarization
o make more extreme decisions than the group members would make individually
29
Group think
•Groupthink: Tendency for some groups to make bad decisions. Occurs when group members suppress their reservations about the ideas supported by the group
30
Social loafing
•Social Loafing: taking advantage of being part of a group. Individuals do not put in as much effort when acting as part of a group as they do when acting alone.
31
Obedience studies
•Obedience studies: Willingness to do what others ask them to do
32
Conformity
along with the views or actions of others
33
Social impairment
•Social Impairment: When a task is more difficult and being watched, performance ca
34
Social facilitation
Social Facilitation: People perform better in front of an audience, instead of alone
35
Deindividuation
Deindividuation: Get swept up by a group and do things they would never do on their own. A loss of self restraint when group members feel anonymous and aroused
36
Intrinsic reinforcement
•Intrinsic Reinforcement: a form of internal reward, such as pride, satisfaction, and a sense of accomplishment.
37
Social psychology
* Social Psychology: Study devoted to studying the way people relate to each other. * The development and expression of attitudes, people’s attributions about their own behavior and that of others, the reasons why people engage in both antisocial and pro-social behavior and how the presence and actions of others influence the way people behavior.
38
Social cognition
•Social Cognition: Memory and bias to help explain how people think about themselves and others
39
Cognitive dissonance theory
Idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behavior.
40
What is learning?
•Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
41
What is a neutral stimulus
Trigger that normally has no meaning when you get a stapler you don't see any meaning the meaning changes
42
Explain the relationship between NS UCS UCR CS AND CR in classical conditioning
NS becomes CS UCR---> CR UCS: natural trigger
43
Explain how operant conditioning works
Constantly repeated tied to punishment and reward
44
What is the difference between continuous and partial reinforcement
Continue this behavior or reward single time partial reinforcement is rewarded or punished on the schedule when the action occurs
45
Explain the difference between fixturing feel very fixed interval and variable interval
Fixed ratio is a set number of times but the punchcard variable ratio is a random number of times lottery ticket Fixed interval is a set amount of time you feel good after running one hour variable interval random time pooping in three minutes next 15 minutes
46
What is the difference between acquisition generalization discrimination and extinction
Acquisition is to start a behavior you have it Generalization similar stimuli is going to generate the same behavior Discrimination distinguish between stimulus Extinction is is gone complete
47
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning
Classical is involuntary action and operate is voluntary action punishment and reward
48
What is social psychology
Learning from the behaviors of others how they interact with others
49
What are compliant strategies name three types and explain how they work
Compliant strategies social way to persuade someone to get what you want Foot in the door is when you ask for one dollar the next day the five dollars and the next week $10 Norms of reprocess city when you do something nice from someone you expect in return Door in the face is asking for something big then decreasing it
50
What is the difference between bystander in fact and pluralistic ignorance
Bystander is when we wait for someone else to do something Pluralistic is all people have the same idea but looking to each other to how to appropriately act
51
Explain what group dynamics are and how they work but before terms are tied to it and what do they mean
Social loafing kid in a group who doesn't do any work Group polarization extreme decisions in a group Group think group makes bad decisions D individuation being swept up by society around you and doing things he would've never done
52
What's an example of cognitive dissonance
I hated carrots for the longest time and when I finally tried them again I realized I liked
53
Given example of where you have modeled something
After seeing my mom today care of my nephew when he is sick the next time he is sick I to try to take care of him
54
Self fulfilling prophecy
When someone thinks you're great you're going to try to live up to that expectation
55
What is fundamental attribution error
When someone sees you do what you really are a look at what is in front of them instead of trying to look from different perspectives
56
Collective culture
When you come from a strict religious background and meet someone else who does not have that same background you don't care you don't care about them
57
What is individualistic culture
Deciding what is best for yourself
58
What is false consensus
People who under estimate the number of people who agree with
59
What is self-serving bias
People who take credit for good things but not for the bad things
60
What is just world bias
Someone things good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
61
Given example of an attitude you have
I don't like racist people because they are close minded
62
What is stereotypes
Ideas about what members of different groups are like these expectations influence the way we interact with members of these groups can be negative or positive
63
What is prejudice
I'm deserved usually negative attitude toward a group of people and I do this when a negative stereotypes are applied uncritically to all members of the group and a negative attitude results
64
Ethnocentrism
Belief that one's culture is superior to others is a specific type of prejudice people become so used to their own culture and see their culture as the norm is there a quarter as the standard by which to judge people
65
What is superordinate goal
If groups are made to work toward that benefits all in the participation of all
66
What is self disclosure in social learning
When you share personal piece of information with someone you build intimacy

Psychology (5 decks)

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