UNIT 3 LEC: COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
4 general categories of infectious pathogens
A
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasite
Virus
2
Q
HIV contains genetic material and the tiny bits of _____ & ______ they get from the body.
A
proteins; lipids
3
Q
Botulism
A
Food-and-Water-Borne Disease
4
Q
Campylobacteriosis
A
Food-and-Water-Borne Disease
5
Q
Listeriosis
A
Food-and-Water-Borne Disease
6
Q
Brucellosis
A
Zoonoses and Vector Borne
7
Q
Legionellosis
A
Airborne disease
8
Q
Diphtheria
A
Diseases
Preventable by
Vaccination
9
Q
Pertussis
A
Diseases
Preventable by
Vaccination
10
Q
is a condition that results when a microbe can
invade the body, multiply, and cause injury or
disease.
A
Infection
11
Q
is something caused by a pathogen.
Something that invades the body and multiplies
causing injury or disease in the individual.
A
Infection
12
Q
Some pathogenic microbes cause infections
that are communicable
A
Communicable Pathogens
13
Q
T or F: All communicable diseases are infectious. On
the other hand, not all infectious diseases are
communicable.
A
T
14
Q
microbe that can cause disease
A
True Pathogen
15
Q
These are organisms that can become
pathogenic once host immunity is low/is present
in body location that is unusual for the microbe
to be present
A
Opportunistic Pathogen
16
Q
Microbe that is normally present in body
locations; not usually causing infection
A
Microbiota/Normal Flora
17
Q
In-charge with the investigation and control of
various diseases, especially those that are
communicable and have epidemic potential
A
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
18
Q
CDC is an agency of the
A
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
19
Q
The basis for cultures of the microorganism being
the gold standard in the diagnosis.
A
Robert Koch’s Postulate
20
Q
ET factor: genetics, sex, age, immunity,
vaccination, etc.
A
Host
21
Q
ET factor: virulence, pathogenicity, genetics,
resistance
A
Agent
22
Q
ET factor: clean flowing
streams, oxygenated water, shady environment, salt
water
A
Environmental
23
Q
The chain of infection highlights the importance of (3 components)
A
Portal of entry
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
24
Q
CoI: ______ is a virus, bacterium, or parasite that
causes the disease in humans.
A
Pathogen
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CoI: ______ is a place where the pathogen lives
and multiplies.
Reservoir
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CoI: ________ is the method an
infectious agent uses to travel from a reservoir
to a susceptible individual.
Mode of transmission
27
CoI: Body part where the pathogen can lodge/enter the
host
Entry pathway
28
CoI: Person with low/altered immunity that receives the
pathogen
Susceptible host
29
CoI: ______ is a way an infectious agent is able
to leave a reservoir host.
Exit pathway
30
Vaccine is an example of ______ immunity
artificial
31
MOT: Exposure of infected body fluids such as blood or saliva
Direct contact
32
MOT: Pathogens remain on surfaces that were in contact
with an infected person
Indirect contact
33
MOT: Infectious agents are found in contaminated food
and water that are ingested
Food and Water Borne
34
MOT: Pathogens are spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes
Airborne
35
MOT: Infectious agents are usually transmitted through a
bite of an infected insect carrying the infective
agents of the organisms
Vector borne
36
Caused by apicomplexan parasites of the genus
Plasmodium
Malaria (bad air)
37
Two life cycles of malaria vector (enumerate and identify)
Erythrocytic; Exoerythrocytic
Female Anopheles Mosquito
38
Medically important species of Plasmodium
falciparum 60.8%
vivax 14.1%
ovale 3.7%
malariae 2.5%
undetermined 16.6%
mixed 2.3%
39
Plasmodium species with CNS involvement
P. falciparum
40
Plasmodium species with global endemicity
P. malariae
41
Plasmodium stages in man
Schizont
Trophozoite
Gametocyte
42
Plasmodium stages in mosquito
Zygote
Ookinete
Oocyst
Sporozoite
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Malaria can be prevented by use of _______ _______ and use of protection measures against
mosquito bites.
antimalarial drugs
44
Malaria prevention for individuals
mosquito repellants
45
Can also be used for mosquito-treated nets
which is employed in Africa and in the
Philippines
N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET)
46
Model for vector control
Swiss Cheese Model
47
ABCDE of Swiss Cheese Model
Awareness
Bite prevention
Chemoprophylaxis
Diagnosis
Emergency kits
48
DOH projects for vector control
Mag 4s Tayo!
4 o'clock habit
49
Dengue poses _________ effects
cumulative
50
Also known as the Forgotten Pandemic
Cholera
51
One of the longer occurring pandemics or epidemics
Cholera
52
Cholera bacteria
Vibrio cholerae
53
Year of John Snow's work on cholera
1853-1854
54
_______ is an acute diarrheal disease that can kill
within hours if left untreated.
Cholera
55
Up to 80% of cholera cases can be successfully treated with
oral rehydration solution (ORS)
56
V. cholerae in the feces can be contagious for up to _____ days
14
57
More common cause of cholera in the Philippines
Vibrio cholerae O139
58
Shepherd’s crook morphology, ”U” or “6” shape
Ebola
59
Related families of ebola
Bundibugyo v
Sudan v
Tai forest v
Zaire v
Reston v
Filovirus
60
Family of Ebola that causes disease in primates
Reston virus
61
highly virulent and require maximum
containment facilities for laboratory work: Biosafety
Level 4
Filovirus
62
Natural/reservoir host of Ebola
Bats (fruit bats)
63
Human consumption of ________ has been linked
to animal-to-human transmission of Ebola
bushmeat
64
zoonotic/zootic: replicating within the species where they
are originally found; natural reservoir
zoonotic
65
zoonotic/zootic: outside the natural cycle or accidental
zootic
66
Immunosuppressive family of Ebola
Filovirus
67
MOT of Ebola
direct contact w/ blood or other body fluids
68
According to WHO, only people who are very sick are
able to spread Ebola disease in saliva and through _________
large droplets
69
___% of the cases of Ebola infections in Guinea
during the 2014 outbreak are believed to have
been contracted via unprotected contacts with
infected corpses during Guinean burial rituals.
69
70
Highest mortality rate of all the viral hemorrhagic fevers: 25-90%
Ebola hemorrhagic fever
71
The largest outbreak to date was the Ebola virus
epidemic in ____ ______, which caused a large
number of deaths in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and
Liberia.
West Africa
72
the first known outbreak of EVD
Sudan Outbreak
73
second outbreak of EVD
Zaire Outbreak
74
Ebola Diagnosis
ELISA
RT-PCR
Electron Microscopy
Virus Isolation by Cell Culture
75
Experimental Ebola vaccine:
rVSV-ZEBOV
76
Returning travelers and healthcare workers
should follow local policies for surveillance and
monitor their health for ___ days
21
77
are infections that have newly appeared in a
population or have existed previously but are rapidly
increasing in incidence or geographic range.
Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs)
78
Examples of reemerging diseases
chikungunya
influenza
Ebola
79
are diseases that reappear
after they have been on a significant decline
Reemerging diseases
80
Rises due to vaccine reluctance
Polio
81
Reemergence may happen because of
a breakdown in pubhealth measures
new strains of known disease
82
with the indiscriminate
use of antibiotics, we have now allowed the
return of diseases that were once treatable and
controllable
Antibiotic resistance
83
are spread predominantly by unprotected sexual contact.
Sexually transmitted infections
84
Transmission during pregnancy
Vertical transmission
85
Bacterium in vaginal canal
Streptococcus agalactiae
86
T or F: STIs are associated with stigma, domestic violence.
T
87
T or F: The majority of STIs have no symptoms.
T
88
T or F: STIs such as trichomonas, chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis are curable
T
89
Rapidly increasing _______ _________ is a growing threat for untreatable gonorrhea.
antimicrobial resistance
90
drug for gonorrhea
Penicillin
91
Many STDs are (more easily) transmitted through
(breaks or tears of) ______ _________
mucous membranes
92
other term for sexual fluids
Venereal fluids
93
primary sources of STIs (in order)
venereal fluids
saliva
mucosal or skin
feces, urine. and sweat
94
Risk is a product of _____ & ________
time; exposure
95
there
is no transmission amongst individuals who
have ___________ viral load
undetectable
96
Is a virus that attacks cells that help the
body fight infection.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
97
mechanism to
transform RNA back to DNA
Reverse transcriptase of retrovirus
98
curable/treatable: HIV
treatable
99
HIV Stages
1. Acute HIV Infection
2. Chronic HIV Infection
3. AIDS
100
People have a large amount of HIV in their blood
and very contagious
Stage 1
101
swelling of lymph nodes; stage 1 symptom
lymphadenopathy
102
HIV stage with flu-like symptoms
Stage 1
103
Stage 2 is also called
asymptomatic HIV infection
or clinical latency
104
stage of no physical set off, but the cells are already targeted
Latency
105
Stage wherein HIV is still active and continues to produce in the
body
Stage 2
106
WIthout HIV treatment, stage 2 may last _____, or may progress faster.
a decade or longer
107
The most severe stage of HIV infection
Stage 3
108
People with _____ can have a high viral load and may
easily transmit HIV to others
AIDS
109
WIthout HIV treatment, people with AIDS typically
survive around ___ years
3
110
Part of the immune system; important in resolving simple infections
CD4 Cells
111
Loss of these cells makes it hard for the body to fight
off infections
CD4 cells
112
Attacks immune system in humans
HIV
113
A symptom of untreated HIV involves having
recurrent infections
114
T or F: It is not the (HIV) virus itself that kills, but the loss of immunity.
T
115
can prevent HIV from
spreading, and prevent HIV from advancing to AIDS.
Antiretroviral Treatment (ART)
116
HIV is not transmitted via
sharing of food, drink, and utensils
insect bites
kiss, touch
clothes, towels
fomites
toilet, shower
117
HIV Transmission %: Use of non-sterile syringe and tools
10
118
HIV Transmission %: Pregnancy breastfeeding
10
119
HIV Transmission %: Blood tansfusion
5%
120
HIV Transmission %: Organ transplant
5
121
HIV Transmission %: Unprotected sex
80
122
4 Principles of HIV Transmission
Exit
Survive
Sufficiency
Enter
123
If you engage in behaviors that may increase your
chances of getting HIV, ask if _______ is right for you.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
124
If you think you’ve been exposed to HIV within the
last ___ days, ask a health care provider about _______
3; Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
125
PEP can prevent HIV, but it must be started within ___ hours.
72
126
T or F: If your viral load is not undetectable — or does not
stay undetectable — you can still protect your
partners by using other HIV prevention options.
T
127
HIV Key populations
males having sex with males (MSM)
transgender
women
sex workers
trafficked women and
girls
people who inject drugs (PWID)
128
Majority of HIV cases are with
men having sex with men (MSMs)
129
An act promulgating the policies and prescribing
measures for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in the Philippines
RA 8504: Philippine AIDS Control and Prevention Act of 1998
130
voluntary testing and
counseling without parental consent can now
be administered to teen agers in this age
bracket
15 to 17 years old
131
Health Memorandum Order (HMO) coverage of People Living with HIV (PLHIV)
Comprehensive sexuality education in schools
132
serves as a roadmap for government, civil society and the private sector to prevent and control the
spread of HIV in the country.
6-year AIDS Medium Term Plan (AMTP)
133
are caused by pathogenic
microbes Small enough to be discharged from an
infected person via coughing, sneezing, laughing and
close personal contact or aerosolization of the
microbe.
Airborne diseases
134
more than 5 microns
can travel less than 1 meter
fall to the ground in under 5 seconds
cannot be inhaled
> 100 um
Droplet
135
less than 5 microns
can travel within and beyond 1 meter
can float in air for hours
can be inhaled
Aerosols
136
4 types of Influenza viruses
ABCD
137
Influenza viruses that circulate and cause seasonal epidemics
A and B
138
Currently circulating in humans are
subtype ______ and ______
influenza viruses.
A(H1N1) or A(H1N1)pdm09
A(H3N2)
139
Only influenza type that cause pandemics
A
140
Influenza virus broken down into lineages
B
141
lineages of Influenza B virus
B/Yamagata
B/Victoria
142
is detected less frequently and usually causes
mild infections, thus does not present public
health importance
Influenza C virus
143
primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people
Influenza D Virus
144
Influenza symptoms begin ____ days after infection and usually
last around a week.
1 to 4
145
______ are constantly changing,
making it possible on very rare occasions for
non-human influenza viruses to change in such a
way that they can infect people easily and spread
efficiently from person to person.
Influenza A viruses
146
Flu can spread through
direct contact
surface contact
air (droplets or dust)
147
Viral infection that attacks the respiratory system
Influenza
148
Use antiviral agents within first __ days to treat influenza
2
149
__________ should be given only to complications of influenza (pneumonia/otitis media)
Antibiotics
150
Meaning of WASH
water, sanitation, and hygiene
151
is the only respiratory virus preventable
by vaccination.
Influenza
152
Flu risk is reduced ___% by vaccine
60
153
Weak or dead bacteria are introduced into the
patient, often by injection.
Vaccines
154
In vaccines, _______ are activated to produce
antibodies that fight the disease.
WBCs
155
In vaccines, if the microorganism re-infects the person, the
__________ neutralize the invading cells.
antibodies
156
He falsely linked MMR Vaccine to Autism
Andrew Wakefield
157
"A delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination
despite availability of vaccination services” -WHO
Vaccine hesitancy
158
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
159
T or F: Not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick.
T
160
Infection is acquired by inhalation of M. tuberculosis in _________ and _______
aerosols; dust (airborne transmission)
161
has a waxy outer coat that can withstand drying and survive for long periods in air and house
dust
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
162
As few as ____ M. tuberculosis MTB
bacilli are necessary for human infection
5
163
T or F: TB is curable via DOTS
T
164
The treatment for TB is a combination of ____
anti-TB drugs.
3-4
165
Price of TB-DOTS Benefit Package
Php 4,000
166
MDR-TB manifests resistance to
Isoniazid and Rifampicin
167
XDR-TB manifest resistance to
Isoniazid, Rifampicin, any Fluoroquinolone, and Linezolid OR Bedaquiline
168
Most prevalent TB drug resistance
Isoniazid
