UNIT X: WATER POLLUTION Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
Fundamentals of Environmental Health
A
- The Environmental System
○ Man-Environmental Relationship - Principles of Environmental Control
- Areas of Environmental Health Concerns
- Emerging Environmental Health Problem
2
Q
All the waters in the world:
Ocean - _____
Ice and Snow - ____
Groundwater - ____
Surface water - ____
A
97.6%
2.07%
0.33%
0.28%
3
Q
Availability of Ground water in MCM
A
20,200
4
Q
Availability of Surface water in MCM
A
125,790
5
Q
Total Water Demand in MCM in 2025
A
62,660 - 86,543
1996 - 29,944
6
Q
Water use in the Philippines
A
Agriculture - 85.6%
Industry - 7.3%
Domestic - 7.1%
7
Q
BONUS: The Philippines is an archipelago that comprises ______ islands
A
7,641
8
Q
% of provinces in the coastline zone
A
82%
9
Q
Number of river systems in the Ph
A
421
10
Q
Largest river in the Ph
A
Cagayan River
11
Q
Number of natural lakes in the Ph
A
72
12
Q
Largest lake in the Ph
A
Laguna De Bay
13
Q
Lake that occupies a huge volcanic crater wherein high ______ content kills fish
A
Lake Taal; sulfur
14
Q
Largest lake in Mindanao
A
Lake Lanao
15
Q
Examples of wetlands in the Ph
A
Agusan Marsh (contains methane deposits)
Candaba Swamp
16
Q
14% of total water resource potential
A
Groundwater
17
Q
% of the population use groundwater for
drinking
A
50%
18
Q
Groundwater extraction is regulated by
A
National Water Resources Board (NWRB)
19
Q
Average tropical cyclones in the Ph per year
A
11
20
Q
Households with access to safe water supply
A
10,817,911 (78.3%)
21
Q
Households with sanitary toilet
A
9,649,470 (69.3%)
22
Q
Algal blooms would indicate dead materials and increased __________ in water, which would increase the number of plants. The plants use the __________, so there is none
left for the fishes.
A
Phosphates; Oxygen
23
Q
Four of the major river systems in Metro Manila are
A
biologically dead
24
Q
Out of the 421 rivers in the country ___ rivers were polluted and ___ were biologically dead
A
50; 16
25
Critical Areas
Metro Manila, Southern Tagalog, and Central Luzon
26
Pasig River drains to
Laguna De Bay
Manila Bay
27
When the depth of Laguna Lake shallows, ______ is collected
silt
28
Laguna Lake is the biggest freshwater supply in _______ and ___________
Manila; Region IV-A
29
Meaning of BOD
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
30
58% of groundwater sampled is contaminated with _______ __________
fecal coliform
31
Bacteria that are only present in the gastric intestinal tract of chickens
Salmonella
32
Water-related diseases
Water-borne
Water-washed
Water-based
Water-insect related
33
Principles of Environmental Control
Isolation
Substitution
Shielding
34
Separation by distance
Isolation
34
Use of barrier
Shielding
34
Use of alternative materials
Substitution
35
Prevention against water-based diseases
Restriction of activities
Immunization
Prophylactic agents
36
Water treatment
Destruction
Conversion
Removal of harmful substance
Dispersion and dilution
37
Natural way to replenish the groundwater and drinking water
Natural water cycle
38
Water classification
Class AA
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
39
Intended for waters having watersheds that are uninhabited and otherwise protected, which require only approved disinfection in order to meet the PNSDW.
Class AA - Public Water Supply Class I
40
For sources of water supply that will require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection) in order to meet the PNSDW.
Class A - Public Water Supply Class II
41
Meaning of PNSDW
Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water
42
For primary contact recreation such as bathing, swimming, diving, etc. (particularly designed for tourism purposes).
Class B - Recreational Water Class I
43
For propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources; boating, swimming, etc.; For manufacturing processes after treatment
Class C - Fishery Water, Recreational Water Class II, Industrial Water Supply Class II
44
For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc.; cooling; others
Class D - Agriculture, Industrial Water Supply Class II, Other Inland Waters
45
Water Supply Level of Service
Level 1 (Point Source)
Level 2 (Communal Faucet System)
Level 3 (Individual Household Connection)
46
a protected well or a developed spring with an outlet but without a distribution system
Generally for rural areas where houses are
scattered too thinly to justify a distribution
system
1 Facility per 15 households
Level 1 (Point Source)
47
a system composed of a source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network, and communal faucets.
Generally for rural areas where houses are clustered
4 to 6 households per faucet
Level 2 (Communal Faucet System)
48
Enough water supply to be distributed which comes from water tanks.
Level 2 (Communal Faucet System)
49
a system with a source, a reservoir, a piped
distribution network, and household taps.
Consists of a reservoir and pipe distribution
network
Generally for high-density built-up areas
City-based
One or more faucets per household
Level 3 (Individual household connection)
50
Physical Problems in Water Supply
Turbidity
Color
Odor
Taste
51
Chemical Problems in Water Supply
Hardness (Ca & Mg)
Chloride
Iron
52
Problems in Water Supply
Bacteria
Virus
Parasites
Microscopic Plants
53
Provide basis for protecting public health from adverse e ects of water pollution and for
eliminating or reducing contaminants in water
Provide information and guidance in making
management decisions
Provide standard values for biological,
bacteriological, physical, and chemical quality
Prescribes requirements for analysis for determining the various constituents present in water
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER, 2007
DOH ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 2007 - 0012
54
Water that is free of microorganisms (fecal coliform) or disease-producing bacteria (fecal parasites) and with acceptable chemical properties, taste, odor, color.
Safe Drinking Water
55
Microbiological Indicators
● Fecal indicator organisms
● Coliform bacteria
○ Total coliform
○ E. coli
○ Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC)
56
Chemical quality of water supply affects _________ (whether we can drink or not)
potability
57
Sources of chemical constituents
Naturally occurring
Industrial sources and human dwellings
Agricultural activities
Water treatment or materials in contact
Pesticides
Cyanobacteria
58
Organic chemical constituents like benzene and PAHs are __________
mutagens/carcinogens
59
Regulated pesticide due to its harmful effects to humans
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
60
associated with naturally occurring radionuclides
Radiological health risks
61
T or F: Groundwater in the Philippines is contaminated with radioactive materials.
F
*NOT*
62
Primary uses of water
Drinking
Washing
Manufacturing
Food preparation
Bathing
63
Secondary uses of water
Fight fires
Sprinkle street
Carry wastes
64
Tertiary uses of water
Shellfish culture
Recreation
Navigation
Power
Irrigation
Fishing
65
Sources of Wastewater
● Domestic Sources
● Industrial Sources
● Storm Water
○ Human waste, laundry and kitchen washings, cleansing activities
● Agricultural Runoff
66
Occurs when the pathogen is in water which is drunk (cause of gastrointestinal diseases) by a person which may then become infected
+ give examples
Water-borne diseases
cholera; typhoid
67
A disease whose transmission will be reduced following an increase in the volume of water used for hygienic purposes, irrespective of the quality type of the water.
+give examples
Water-washed diseases
Diarrhea and Scabies
68
T or F: Water-washed means that there is a safe quality of water but an insuffi cient amount to wash o the disease.
T
69
3 Main types of WWD
Infection:
Intestinal Tract
Skin and Eyes
Carried by Lice
70
Disease due to infection by parasitic worms which depend on aquatic intermediate hosts to complete their cycle
+give examples
Water-based diseases
schistosomiasis; fasciolopsiasis
71
Diseases transmitted by insects which either breed in water or bite near water, malaria, dengue and yellow fever.
+give an example
Water-related insect diseases
Dengue
72
Common Treatment Processes
Dissolved Impurities
Suspended Impurities
Living Matters
Gasses
73
exposing the water in thin films
or droplets to the oxygen of the atmosphere
aeration
74
High surface area that allows adsorption
Activated charcoal
75
Composition of wastewater
99.99% liquid
0.01% solid
76
● Non-latent, unable to multiply, low infective dose
● Viruses, protozoa, enterobius, hymenolepis
● Transmission foci: domestic, personal
contamination
● Control: improve domestic water supply, health
education, improved housing
Category I
77
● Non-latent, medium to high infective dose, moderately persistent, able to multiply
● All bacteria
● Transmission foci: category I, water and crop
contamination
● Control: category I, e ective treatment prior to
discharge or reuse of excreta
Category II
78
● Latent, very persistent, no multiplication, no intermediate host
● Geohelminths: ascaris, trichuris, hookworm, strongyloides
● Transmission foci: yard, field and crop contamination
● Control: treatment before land application, provision of toilets
Category III
79
● Latent, persistent, intermediate host(cow or pig)
● Transmission foci: yard, field and fodder
contamination
● Control: provision of toilets, treatment before land
application, thorough cooking, meat inspection
Category IV
80
● Latent, persistent, able to multiply, one or more intermediate aquatic hosts
● All water based
● Helminths: schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis, fasciolopsiasis
● Transmission foci: contaminated water
● Control: provision of toilets, treatment before discharge, control of snails, cook fish and aquatic vegetation
Category V
81
● Insect-related diseases - diseases transmitted by mosquitoes which preferentially breed in polluted water
Category VI
82
Act of getting rid of sewage by any method. It may be done with or without previous treatment of the sewage
Sewage Disposal
83
3 categories of sewer systems
Settled
Simplified
Conventional
