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Product Design > unit 3 Performance characteristics of woods > Flashcards

unit 3 Performance characteristics of woods Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What are the stock forms of wood?

A

Rough sawn
Planed square edge (PSE)
Planed all round (PAR)

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2
Q

What is timber categorized into?

A

natural timbers - hard/softwoods and manufactured boards

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3
Q

how is a tree made to timber?

A

tree trunk is cut into standard sizes
Rough sawn timber will be sold off at this stage
Machines called planer thicknessers are used to trim rough sawn timber to PAR and PSE timbers

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4
Q

Rough sawn timber

A

cheapest stock form of timber
rough surface
used in saw mill and construction frames

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5
Q

planed timber

A

Planed timber is prepared using a planer and thicknesser
Material is wasted away, little by little, to achieve a 90° edge on one or more sides

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6
Q

What is PSE timber?

A

one square edge
around 3mm from surface
smooth

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7
Q

What is PAR timber?

A

square on all sides
smooth
3mm from surface

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8
Q

What is moulding?

A

machined profiles made for functional and aesthetic purposes
used for decorative features for products and interiors

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9
Q

What is manufactured boards?

A

sold as full or hall boards
available in range of thickness

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10
Q

What is good about softwoods?

A

low cost
fast growth
long straight shape

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11
Q

What are examples of soft woods?

A

Pine Spruce
Douglas fir Cedar
Redwood Larch

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12
Q

Pine

A

furniture and flooring
lightweight
good elaticity
resist to shrinking swelling

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13
Q

Redwood giants

A

rot and fire proof
Lightweight, soft, good strength to weigh ratio
Used for construction, decking and musical instruments

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14
Q

Flying Trees Spruce

A

was widely used in the construction of aircraft in World War I and II

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15
Q

Cedar

A

high oil content so resistant to decay
lightweight
knot free
fairly toxic
used for boats and paneling

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16
Q

Larch

A

strong stiff durable dense
fence posts, garden furniture and boats

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17
Q

Douglas Fir

A

toughest wood
cheap and strong
large scale projects such as housing frames
stable
smooth finish
rot and moisture resistant

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18
Q

What are hardwoods

A

slow growing and need more land, both these factors make them expensive
aesthetic qualities
dense and so are usually stronger and more durable than softwoods

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19
Q

What are examples of hardwood?

A

Oak Ash
Mahogany Birch
Teak Beech

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20
Q

Birch

A

Fine grain
Even texture
Ideal for veneers
Low cost
Resistant to rot

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21
Q

Beech

A

Hard and tough
Odourless
Close straight grain
Easy to work with
Flexible

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22
Q

Plywood

A

Strong in every direction
Can’t spilt along grain
Hard and smooth
Some knots

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23
Q

Flexible plywood

A

Aero ply and flexiply
Can be formed/curved

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24
Q

Aeroply

A

To form around frameworks and plane wings
Made from several birch veneers

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25
Flexiply
consists of a thin central veneer with two softer outers Used in lamination and fireworks covers
26
What is melamine formaldehyde laminates
Give protective and attractive finish to low cost timbers Makes them hard Resistant to heat moister and chemicals
27
Wood veneers
Stuck to surface and edges to improve aesthetics
28
grain pattern
markings that appear on surface of wood caused by growth rings
29
grain direction
the way the markings run along surface of wood strongest with the grain
30
surface defects
insect/fungal/desease/water/knots damage
31
warpage
caused by moisture contents it can change shape
32
shrinkage
as wood drys volume decreases
33
splitting
as wood dries fibres separate
34
joining
ability to join different materials together through joints/fixings
35
machining qualities
if the grain is tighter the wood will machine better as large chunks are less likely to break
36
wood grain
can affect cost and workability end grain is the pattern which can be seen in the wood
37
wood structure
wood fibres are from hollow stew like cells held in lignin carry water and nutrients make wood strong
38
surface defects
knots-make wood shrink hard to work machining-creates marks woods damaged from insects defects affect overall stability
39
distortions
must be seasoned to prevent hygroscopic-absorbs moisture
40
air dried
stored under cover left to dry naturally cheap lots at a time no energy needed
41
kiln dried
uses steam to artificially dry timber quicker expensive
42
shrinkage
wood swells and shrinks with seasons or with levels of moisture
43
a b c
a- square sections shrink to diamonds b-boards tend to cup c-uniform shrinkage
44
working properties of seasoned timber
stronger and more stable less likely to decay less likely to corrode metals absorbs preservatives quickly
45
forming woods
consists of both additives manufacturing and wasting processes as well as manipulation
46
steam bending
uses heat and moisture to make wood pliable beech/ash steam well as they have an open pore structure
47
laminating
combines wood and adhesives for different purposes
48
resistance to decay
can be treated to increase resistance to decay through fungal and insect attack as well as rot
49
insect attack
beetles/termites are attracted to wood to the starches and sugars
50
fungal attack
damp or poor ventilated conditions make ideal environment to fungal attack dry wood has lower risk
51
toxic trees
tree sap and saw dust can cause health risks
52
regulations of COSHH
state that wood dust must be limited to 5mg per cubic meter
53
What is MDF?
fine wood dust particles bonded with resin smooth finish and uniform density Ideal for CNC milling very resilient
54
What is PSE and PAR?
PSE - one square edge PAR - square on all sides pay more for less materials
55
What is a flat-pack
standardized components or knock down fittings used to enable quick assembly
56
What can woods be tested for?
strength toughness hardness density corrosion malleability elasticity
57
Tensile strength
tested by applying weight to test a piece and monitoring how much materials bend
58
Hardness tests
hit a centre punch into a material and measure the size of the dent created
59
Toughness tests
hold each test piece in a vice then hit hit each one in turn with the same force
60
how can tensile strength be measured
applying weight to a test piece and monitoring how much the material bends or defects
61
hardness
how easily materials resist abrasion and indentation
62
jaka hardness test
measures ability of wood to resist scratches or dents
63
ultrasonic tests
detects internal defects using sound waves
64
x ray testing
x ray beams are passed through a material and protect image on screen
65
preservatives
guard against insect attack
66
wood stain
doesnt need perservatives soaks into wood
67
teak oil
natural oils and solvents weatherproof
68
varnishes
liquid coatings sit on surface creates film
69
waxes
soak into surface makes it a little water resistant
70
paint
surface finish sits on top

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