Unit 3 PT 2 Flashcards
(22 cards)
PCL-R
1) The scales are used to measure psychopathy and psychopathic features
2) The PCL-R assesses the affective (emotional), interpersonal, behavioural, and social deviance facets of psychopathy from various sources
Various sources include:
1) Self-reports
2) Behavioral observations
3) Collateral sources (Examples: Parents, family members, friends, arrest/court records
Multiple domains include:
1) Behavior at work or school
2) Behavior towards family, friends, and sexual partners
3) Criminal and antisocial behavior
Using a PCL-R
1) Trained examiners use this information to score each item on a scale (0-2) depending on the extent to which an individual has the disposition described by each item on the checklist
2) (0= consistently absent, 1= inconsistent, 2= consistently present)
3) Score of 30 or above qualifies a person as a primary psychopath
4) Scores between 21 and 29 are persons classified as ‘middle’ subjects who may show features of psychopathy but don’t fit all criteria
Scores below 21 are considered non-psychopaths
6) Usage of PCL-R: Distinguishing criminal psychopaths from criminal non-psychopaths and for helping forensic psychologists involved in risk assessment of offenders
Factor analysis
1) A statistical procedure by which underlying patterns, factors, or dimensions are identified among a series of scale items
2) Finds different personality dimensions or behavioural factors in test data
3) Factor analysis is a mathematical procedure used to make sense of a vast collection of variables
4) The procedure produces a small number of descriptive or explanatory concepts
The two-factor position
“Factor 1” = Reflects interpersonal and emotional components of psychopathy
1) Callousness, remorselessness, selfishness, manipulation of others
2) Associated with planned predatory violence
3) Linked to resistance and inability to profit from psychotherapy and treatment programs
4) Better job at identifying psychopathy
Factor 2” = Reflects socially deviant or antisocial lifestyle
1) Poor planning, impulsiveness, excessive need for stimulation, lack of realistic goals
2) Associated with spontaneous/impulsive violence and substance abuse problems
3) Linked to socioeconomic status, educational attainment, and cultural/ethnic background
4) Better job at predicting general recidivism and violent recidivism
5) Factor 1 may be a more powerful indicator of psychopathy then factor 2
Factor 3
1) Refers to emotional shallowness, callousness, and lack of empathy Core dimensions describing psychopathy:
1.1) Arrogant and deceptive interpersonal style
→ Examples: Grandiose self-worth, superficial charm, lying, manipulation, ect
1.2) Deficient affective and emotional experience
→ Examples: Low remorse, low guilt, absence of anxiety, little empathy, ect
1.3) Impulsive and irresponsible behavioural style
→ Examples: Don’t think before they act, lack long-term goals, stimulation seeking, parasitic lifestyle (living off others)
The four-factor position
1) Model of psychopathy that incorporates antisocial behaviour
2) Poor self-regulation, persistent criminal activity, antisocial behaviour, ect
3) Individuals manifesting psychopathic traits show violence and a large collection of other antisocial behavioural patterns that are more than poor planning and impulsivity (F2)
4) Researchers and clinicians are missing a critical ingredient in understanding and definition of psychopath if measures of antisocial behaviour are excluded
Four core factors include:
1) Interpersonal
2) Lifestyle
3) Affective
4) Antisocial tendencies
Interpersonal
1) Pathological lying
2) Conning
3) Manipulating others
4) Superficial charm
5) Grandiose self-worth
Lifestyle
1) Irresponsibility
2) Sensation seeking
3) Lack of realistic goals
4) Poor planning
5) Impulsivity
Affective
1)Shallow emotions
2) Callousness
3) Little empathy
4) Failure to accept responsibility for actions
Antisocial tendencies
1) Poor self-regulation
2) Persistent criminal activity
3) Antisocial behaviour
4) Early behaviour problems
“Triarchic psychopathic model (TriPM)”
1) Recent model focusing on callous-unemotional traits, disinhibition, and boldness
1) The TriPM consists of three distinct dimensions:
1) Meanness or callous-unemotionality
2) Disinhibition or externalizing proneness
3) Boldness or fearless dominance
Meanness trait
1) Refers to generally cruel verbal or physical behaviour toward others
2) Refers to deficit empathy, lack of close attachment with others, rebelliousness, excitement seeking, and empowerment through cruelty
Boldness trait
1) The ability to stay calm and focused in pressure or life-threatening situations, and to demonstrate high self-assurance and social efficacy is social environments
2) Reflects the capacity to recover rapidly from stressful situations and to seek out unfamiliarity and danger
3) Consists of personality characteristics of charisma, fearlessness, novelty seeking, calmness in the face of danger, and low stress reactivity
Disinhibition trait
1) Refers to impulsivity, poor self-regulation, low frustration tolerance, irresponsibility, alienation, and unreasonable risk taking
2) It involves traits of hostility, antisociality, having difficulties in regulating anger-related emotions, and contains tendencies toward impulse control problems
Dark triad
1) A cluster of personality traits that are associated with criminal psychopathy
2) Includes- Psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism
3) Dark tetrad includes a fourth characteristic- ‘Everyday sadism’
Listed as someone trying to hurt you (verbally or physically) for pure enjoyment
4) Dark triad suggests there is considerable overlap in the three basic traits
THE FEMALE PSYCHOPATH
1) Psychopathic women demonstrate a lack of realistic long-term goals, have numerous troubled marital relationships, engage in a wide range of crime, and show a greater tendency to be sexually promiscuous
2) May not express the same emotional processing abnormalities as male psychopaths
3) Affective features of psychopathy are important in identifying female psychopaths (with high levels of callousness and low levels of empathy) distinguishing from non-psychopathic women
Female psychopaths
1) Fewer female psychopaths
2) More subtle and skillful in their aggression, in their exploitative relationships, and in their manipulation of others
Harmful acts may go unnoticed by authorities
3) Rely on relational aggression to get their way
4) Experience more sexual and physical victimization
5) Lower recidivism rate
