Unit 7

Question 1

Definition for rape

Answer 1

1) Any person who unlawfully and intentionally commits an act of sexual penetration with a complainant, without the complainant’s consent, is guilty of the offence of rape.

Question 2

Statutory rape

Answer 2

1) Nonforcible sexual intercourse with a person who is under the statutory age of consent.

2) Statutory rape pertains exclusively to consensual intercourse, as opposed to other types of sexual contact

Question 3

Rape by fraud

Answer 3

1) Having sexual intercourse with a consenting adult female under fraudulent conditions

Question 4

Marital rape

Answer 4

1) Sexual assault in which the perpetrator and victim are married.

Question 5

Date rape

Answer 5

1) Sexual assault that occurs within the context of a dating relationship

Question 6

Psychological effects :

Answer 6

1) Victims of sexual assault re often sexualized twice, once by the perpetrator and again by the criminal justice system during the investigation of the crime, and if a suspect is arrested during the prosecution phase.

2) They often blame themselves as being responsible for the assault and negative reactions from others could strengthen that blame

3) Rape victims are also more likely to often contemplate suicide

4) Psychological damage is often longer lasting than any physical damage.

Question 7

Physical injury

Answer 7

1) -About 60% of female SA survivors suffered a physical injury during the assault

2) Cuts, bruises, internal injuries, broken bones, gunshot wounds

3) In the past women were advised not to resist the rape to minimize the risk of physical harm

4)Resistance reduces the risk of that the assault will be completed and does not affect the risk of additional injury

Question 8

SA vulnerability factors

Answer 8

1) Situational factors
2) Location
3)Age of victim
4) Relationship factors
5) Alcohol consumption
6) History of victimization
7) Risk taking behaviours

Question 9

Age of victims

Answer 9

1) Women ages 18-24 experienced the highest rate of rape in 1995-2013 however lots of children are assaulted before the age of 18.

2) 71% of females were first raped before the age of 18

Question 10

Situational factors

Answer 10

1) - Certain places or situations may put women at a greater risk of rape and affect their ability to effectively resist the attacker.

2) SA by acquaintance is usually indoors or in isolated locations.

3) With strangers, bars are especially risky for women drinking alone.

Question 11

Location

Answer 11

1) Most occurred at or near the victim’s home.

2) Some occurred near the home of a friend, relative, or acquaintance.

3) Others occurred during school.

Question 12

Relationship factors

Answer 12

1) Most of those who rape adults are intimate partners and not strangers.

Question 13

Consumption of alcohol

Answer 13

1) Alcohol plays a significant role in both the incapacitated and coerced sexual assaults

Question 14

History of victimization

Answer 14

1) History of victimization is associated with a woman’s vulnerability to sexual assault

2) Child SA victims are more likely to become victims of SA in their adulthood as well.

3) Self-blame is related to greater psychological distress and increased risk of revictimization.

Question 15

Risk-taking behaviour

Answer 15

1) The tendency to engage in risky or impulsive sexual behaviour such as accepting a ride with a stranger, heavy drinking at parties, or hitchhiking by oneself increases the chances of being sexually assaulted.

2) Having many prior sexual partners also seems to increase the risk of SA.

Question 16

Global risk recognition failure

Answer 16

1) Women are aware of the prevalence of SA, but they believe they are at a significantly lower risk to be victimized then their peers.

Question 17

Specific risk failure

Answer 17

1) Some women, for a variety of reason, do not recognise that the situation they are in poses a threat (alcohol)

Question 18

Characteristics of sexual offenders

Answer 18

1) Past learning experiences, cognitive expectations and beliefs, conditioning, environmental stimuli are all involved

2) An individual’s propensity to commit sex crimes involves experiencing multiple risk factors during childhood, adolescents and beyond.

3) Many sex offenders are not prone to violence or physical cruelty but are rather shy and timid

4) Other sex offenders are exhibitionists who never touch their victims.

Question 19

Instrumental sexual aggression

Answer 19

1) When the offender uses just enough coercion to gain compliance from his victim

Question 20

Expressive sexual aggression

Answer 20

1) The offender’s primary aim is to harm the victim physically as well as psychologically