Unit 7.2 Flashcards
(20 cards)
General criminality for recidivism
1) Child sex offenders often reoffend, but they generally restrict their offending to sexual crimes and tend to be less violently aggressive.
2) Varied factors predict recidivism more for rapists than for child sex offenders.
3) Antisocial and aggressive behaviours predict recidivism for rapists.
4) Whereas isolation and impulsive lifestyle predict recidivism for child sex offenders
How victims experience Hostility?
1) Whether the victim was used as a vehicle for venting the perpetrator’s anger and frustration.
2) The attack usually includes violence
Criminality theme and how offender treats victim
1) The offender regards the victims as an inanimate object that must be restrained and coerced, but the attacker’s purpose is to incapacitate more than to demean the victim
Sexual exploitation
1) Represents an attempt by the offender to bond with the victim by showing affection, making apologies, and living out some sexual fantasies.
2) The victim is treated like a person
Attitudes and myths that support rape and other sexual assaults
1) Highly sexually aggressive men expressed greater hostility towards woman, frequently used alcohol, frequently viewed violent porn
2) The more sexually aggressive the male the more likely he is to believe that force is a legitimate way to gain compliance in a sexual relationship
Rape myths
1) Attitudes and beliefs that are generally false but widely and persistently help, and that serve to deny and justify male sexual aggression against women.
2) Misogynistic attitudes appear to play a key role in sexual assault of women
3) They are false beliefs that women should be dominated.
Cognitive-perceptual distortions in communication
1) Men can perceive friendly behaviour as women being seductive.
2) Men who believe sexual assault is justifiable in certain situations have more trouble in distinguishing if a woman is sexually complaint or not.
3) These men appear to have difficulty decoding rejection when a woman is dressed provocatively – in their perceptions
how does porn influence rapists
1) Some porn depicts one or more persons in physically violent or degrading and humiliating situation.
2) The porn portrays sexual interactions as impersonal and without affection or consideration of the actors as individuals.
3) Child porn is different as it involves the exploitation of children, possession and distribution of child porn is illegal.
4) Under certain conditions, porn facilitates aggressive sexual behaviour
Relationship between porn and human aggression:
1) The level of arousal elicited by porn films.
2) The level of aggressive content
3) The reactions of the victims portrayed un these films.
The merging of the following factors has been linked to the likelihood of committing rape:
1) Attitudes supportive of sexual assault
2) Lack of self-control
3) The norms that are conveyed through porn.
Typology
1) Used to organize a wide assortment of observations or measurements for research and clinical diagnosis and treatment purposes.
2) Simplest typology for sexual assault offenders is based on the victim’s age
They originally identified 4 categories of rapists:
1) Displaced aggression rapists
2) Compensatory rapists
3) Sexual aggressive
4) Impulsive rapist
Displaced aggression rapists
Primarily violent and aggressive in their attack, displaying minimum or total absence of sexual feeling
The offender must display the following characteristics to be placed in this category
1) The presence of a high degree of non-sexual aggression or rage expressed with through verbal or physical assault.
2) Straightforward evidence, in verbalization or behaviour, of the intent to demean, degrade, or humiliate the victim.
3) No evidence that the aggressive behaviour is eroticized or that sexual pleasure is derived from the injurious acts.
4) They injurious acts are not focused on parts of the body that have sexual significance.
Compensatory rapists
1) They rape in a response to an intense sexual arousal initiated by stimulation in the environment, often quite specific stimuli.
2) Shy, quiet, introverted behaviour, lack of self-esteem
3) They tend to be passive, withdrawn, and socially inept.
4) This type of rapist is sometimes referred to as the power-reassurance or true sex offender.
To qualify in this category, the offender needs to demonstrate:
1) A level of aggression or violence that clearly exceeds what is necessary to force compliance of the victim.
2) The explicit, unambiguous evidence that aggression is sexually exciting to him.
Sexual aggressive
1) Sexual and aggressive features see to coexist at equal or near equal levels.
Three core personality traits that are believed to define paths that lead to sexual offending:
1) Callous unemotionality
2) Antisociality
3) Hypersexuality
Callous unemotionality
1) Callous unemotionality is demonstrated pathological lying, superficial charm, little empathy.
2) This dimension reflects the research findings that many rapists are predominantly criminal generalists and do not specialize in sexual offences.
Hypersexuality
1) Represented by sexual preoccupation, sexual compulsivity, and sexual coerciveness.
