unit 3 research ethics

Question 1

numberg code

Answer 1

first internationally recognized sets of ethical standards after the nuremberg trails

Question 2

declaration of helsinki

Answer 2

international standard adopted by 1964 by the world medical assembly

Question 3

code of ethics

Answer 3

the fundamental ethical principle established by a discipline or institution to guide researchers’ conduct in research with human (or animal subjects)

Question 4

CNA first published document entitled ethical guideline for nursing research involving human particpants

Answer 4

the goal of this document is to provide nurses in all area of professional practice with guidelines relating to research activities

Question 5

code of ethics for registered nurse

Answer 5

developed in 2002 revised in a centennial edition (2008)

Question 6

does international council of nurse have a code of conduct?

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

health canada adopted which guideline?

Answer 7

the good clinical practice consolidated guideline

Question 8

name of the guideline that protects human subjects in all types of research

Answer 8

tri council policy statement: ethical conduct for research involving humans (TCPS)

Question 9

what does TCPS stand for

Answer 9

tri council policy statement: ethical conduct for research involving humans (TCPS)

Question 10

REB

Answer 10

research ethics board

Question 11

ethical dilemmas

Answer 11

there are situations u which the rights of participants and the demands f the study are put in direct conflict

Question 12

ethical framework

Answer 12

established by TCPS on a desire to balance the need for research-which is viewed as a fundamental moral commitment to advance human welfare

Question 13

8 guiding ethical principles

Answer 13

>>respect for human dignity
>>respect for free and informed consent,
>> respect for vulnerable persons
>>respect for privacy and confidentiality
>>respect for justice and inclusiveness
>>balancing harms and benefits
>>minimizing harm 
>>maximizing benefit

Question 14

self determination

Answer 14

means that prospective participants have the right to decide voluntarily whether to participate in a study, without risk of incurring adverse consequences

Question 15

coercion

Answer 15

involves explicit or implicit threats of penalty for failing to participate in a study or excessive rewards for agreeing to participate

Question 16

stipend

Answer 16

monetary incentive

Question 17

full disclosure

Answer 17

means that a researcher has fully described the nature of the study, the persons right to refuse participation, the researcher responsibility, and the likely risk and benefit that would be incurred

Question 18

informed consent

Answer 18

means that participant have adequate information about the research comprehend the information

Question 19

based on then sometimes result in two types of biases right of self-determination ad full disclosure

Answer 19

informed consent

Question 20

full disclosure can sometimes result in two biases

Answer 20

> > results from inaccurate data

|&raquo_space; stemming from difficulty recruiting a good sample

Question 21

convert data collection or consealment

Answer 21

the collection of information without participants’ knowledge and this without their consent

Question 22

deception

Answer 22

involve wither deliberately with doling information about the study or providing participants with false information

Question 23

authors consent

Answer 23

dilemma relating full disclosure regarding collection of data from people over the internet

Question 24

vulnerable subjects

Answer 24

people with diminished competence or decision making ability

Question 25

confidentiality

Answer 25

pledge to participants that any information they provide will not be publicly reports or made accessible to parties not involved in the research

Question 26

justice

Answer 26

connotes fairness and equality

Question 27

distributive justice also

Answer 27

imposes duties to neither neglect nor discriminate against individuals and groups who may benefit from advances in research

Question 28

research is often undertaken under conditions of

Answer 28

uncertainity

Question 29

beneficence

Answer 29

which imposes a duty on researcher to maximize net benefits

Question 30

nonmaleficnce

Answer 30

researchers' duty to avoid or minimize harm to participants | also involves ensuring freedom from exploitation

Question 31

major potential benefits to particpants

Answer 31

access to an intervention comfort in being able to discuss their situation or problem with a friendly, objective person increase knowledge about themselves or condition escape normal routine satisfaction that information they provide may help direct monetary or material gain

Question 32

major risk to particpants

Answer 32

``` physical harm physical discomfort psychological or emotional distress social risks loss of privacy loss of time monetary costs ```

Question 33

risk/benefit assessment

Answer 33

is designed to determine whether the benefits of participating in a study are in study are in line with the costs, be they financial, physical, emotional or social

Question 34

minimal risk

Answer 34

is defined as risks anticipated to be no greater than those ordinarily encountered in a daily life or during routine tests or procedure

Question 35

consent form

Answer 35

this forms includes information about the study purpose, specific, expectation regarding participation, the voluntary nature of participation, and potential cost and benefits

Question 36

implied consent

Answer 36

the assumption, however, is not always warranted

Question 37

process consent

Answer 37

when the research design emerges during data collection and analysis, researcher may not know the exact nature of the data to be collected, what the risk and benefits will be nor, how much of a time commitment will be required >> continuously renegotiate the consent allowing participants to play a collaborative role in the decision making process regarding their ongoing participation

Question 38

anonymity

Answer 38

occurs when even the researcher can not link a participant with his or her data

Question 39

debriefing session

Answer 39

after data collection is completed to permit participants to ask questions or air complaints

Question 40

children, mentally or emotionally disabled people, physically disabled, pregnant or breast feeding, terminally ill, institutionalized peopl

Answer 40

are vulnerable groups

Question 41

REB

Answer 41

research ethics board -mandated to reject, propose modification to , or terminate any research conducted within the institution or by member s affiliated with it if ethical transgressions are noted.

Question 42

other ethical issues

Answer 42

using animals, research misconduct

Question 43

research misconduct

Answer 43

fabrication, falsification, plagiarism or other practices that seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scientific community for proposing, conducting or reporting research

Question 44

3 fundamental aspects of research intergrity

Answer 44

`truthfulness, scrupulousness (crediting original courses), probity int he use of research funds.

Question 45

fabrication

Answer 45

involves making up study results and reporting them

Question 46

falsification

Answer 46

involves manipulating research materials, equipment or processes

Question 47

plagiarism

Answer 47

involves the appropriation of someone's ideas or results without giving due credit

Question 48

critiquing ethical aspects of a study

Answer 48

> was the study approved and monitored by a research ethics board > were study participants subjected to any physical harm, discomfort or psychological distress >did the benefits to participant outweigh any potential risk or actual discomfort >was any types of coercion or undue influence used >were participants deceived in any way > were appropriate informed consent procedures used with all participants > were adequate steps taken to safeguard the privacy or participants were vulnerable groups involved in the research > were groups omitted from the inquiry without a justifiable rationale