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Biology > Unit 3 - Respiration > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the products of the light dependent stage in photosynthesis

A

ATP and reduced NADP

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2
Q

what is ATM made of

A

phosphate groups, ribose and adenosine

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3
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

the flow of protons down an electrochemical gradient, through ATP synthetase, which provides the potential energy necessary to synthesise ATP by phosphorylation.

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4
Q

where in the mitochondria does the electron transport chain take place

A

The thylakoid membrane

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5
Q

what is the current model for oxidative phosphorylation

A

chemiosmotic theory

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6
Q

Photosynthesis

A

green plants capture light energy and transduce it into chemical energy stored in molecules of carbohydrate.

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7
Q

what do Chloroplast contain

A

photosynthetic pigments

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8
Q

what do photosynthetic pigments do

A

absorb light energy at particular wavelengths

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9
Q

what do chloroplasts do in low light conditions

A

distribute evenly throughout the cytoplasm to maximise absorption of the available light

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10
Q

what do chloroplasts do inhigh light intensit

A

line up in vertical columns against the cell wall, side on to the light to prevent damage by over-exposure.

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11
Q

how can we separate Photosynthetic pigments

A

chromatography

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12
Q

how to calculate Rf

A

distance moved my pigment from origin, over, distance moved by solvent from origin

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13
Q

what is an absorption spectrum

A

a graph which shows how much light is absorbed by a pigment at different wavelengths of light.

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14
Q

what is an action spectrum

A

a graph which shows the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light.

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15
Q

what happens when you overlay the absorption spectrum and the action spectrum

A

peaks show a very close correlation suggesting that the wavelengths of light absorbed, by the photosynthetic pigments, are actually used for photosynthesis.

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16
Q

what did Thomas Englemann do

A

devised an experiment to determine which wavelengths of light were used most for photosynthesis

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17
Q

in Thomas Englemann’s experement which regions of light waves shows the highest photosynthetic activity.

A

blue and red regions

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18
Q

what is the process called wherePhotosynthetic pigments absorb light energy

A

light harvesting

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19
Q

where does light harvesting take place

A

antenna complexes within the thylakoid membranes
of the chloroplasts

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20
Q

where is chlorophill found

A

in the reaction centre of the antenna complex of there chloroplasts

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21
Q

what prevents light energy from escaping the antenna complex

A

proteins

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22
Q

how many molecules of chlorophyll does the reaction centre contain

A

2

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23
Q

what happens when the chlorophyll absorbs light energy

A

emit high energy electrons

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24
Q

what are the two types of reaction centre

A

Photosystem I -absorption peak of 700nm
Photosystem II - absorption peak of 680nm

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25
Phosphorylation
the addition of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.
26
Cyclic photophosphorylation
-involves PSI only -electron is donated to the electron transport system to help generate a proton gradient for chemiosmosis
27
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
involving PSI and PSII. High energy electrons, from PSI are passed to NADP forming reduced NAPD, PSI steels electron from PSII. PSII pass election to electron transport system, the e- is then returned to PSI.. PSII is now an electron short!
28
meaning of Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
non- cyclic pathway as the electron does not return to its origin
29
What are the products of the light dependent stage in photosynthesis used for
light independent stage or Calvin cycle,
30
Photolysis
the splitting of water by light, producing protons (hydrogen ions), electrons and oxygen. The water molecules used for photolysis are found in the thylakoid space.
31
another name for the light independent stage
Calvin cycle
32
where does photosynthesis take place
the chloroplast
33
what does photosynthetic pigments do
absorb light energy at particular wavelengths
34
where are the chloroplast found in the leaf
the mesophyll tissue
35
what happens to chlorophyll in ow light conditions
distribute evenly to absorb as much light as possible
36
36
what happens Ito chlorophyll in high light conditions
they will line up to prevent damage by over-exposure
37
where in the chloroplast does the light dependent stage happen
in the thylakoid
38
what happens to electrons when light is passed to the chlorophyll
excite electrons and raise them to a higher energy level
39
Phosphorylation
the addition of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.
40
Photophosphorylation
ndicates that light energy is needed to achieve the addition of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.
41
what photosystem does Cyclic photophosphorylation involve
PSI
42
what photosystem does Non-cyclic photophosphorylation involve
PSI PSII
43
what is produced in PSI
ATP
44
what is produced ed in PSII
reduced NADP and ATP
45
Photolysis
the splitting of water by light, producing protons (hydrogen ions), electrons and oxygen.
46
what are ATP and reduced NADP from PSII used for
to power the Calvin cycle
47
when will RUBP be found in the Calvin cycle
just before carbon dioxide enters the cycle.
48
how many times is ATP needed in th Calvin cycle
2
49
how many times is NADP needed in the Calvin cycle
1
50
what does autoradiograph show
products derived from the Calvin cycle.
51
what are the limiting factors of photosynthesis
temp, light intensity, CO2, water
52
how is nitrogen absorbed and used in a plant
active transport in the roots, them through the phloem, then produces amino acids
53
Symptoms of nitrogen deficiency
reduced growth of all organs and chlorosis, a yellowing of the leaves due to inadequate chlorophyll production; chlorosis first appears in older leaves.
54
how is magnesium absorbed and used in a plant
absorbed as an ion and is needed for the production of chlorophyll, needed everywhere but mostly leaves
55
signs of a magnesium deficiency
chlorosis- yellowing between views in older leaves
56
respiration
bonds are broken to produce ATP by phosphorylation
57
what is respiration catalysed by
enzymes
58
Aerobic respiration
complete breakdown of glucose and requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Large amounts of energy are released to produce a large number of ATP molecules by oxidative phosphorylation.
59
Anaerobic respiration
the incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen, releasing relatively little energy and making a small number of ATP molecules by substrate level phosphorylation.
60
where does glycolysis happen In the cell
cytoplasm
61
is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic
anaerobic
62
how many ATP molecules are used in glycolysis
2
63
where does the link reaction take place
the mitochondria matrix
64
Dehydrogenation
he removal of one or more hydrogen atoms from a molecule, catalysed by the enzyme dehydrogenase.
65
Decarboxylation
the removal of a carboxyl group from a molecule, releasing carbon dioxide.
66
where does the Krebs cycle take place
the mitochondrial matrix
67
what are the products of the Krebs cycle
2 CoA 2 4C molecules 4 CO2 2 ATP 6 Reduced NAD 2 Reduced FAD
68
what is the function of CoA from the Krebs cycle
Regenerated and returns to the link reaction
69
what is the function of 4C molecules from the Krebs cycle
Regenerated to allow the Krebs cycle to continue
70
what is the function of CO2 from the Krebs cycle
Waste product, diffuses out of the cell
71
what is the function of ATP from the Krebs cycle
Produced by substrate level phosphorylation
72
what is the function of Reduced NAD from the Krebs cycle
Pass to the inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae) and donate electrons and protons to the electron transport chain
73
what is the function of Reduced FAD from the Krebs cycle
Pass to the inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae) and donate electrons and protons to the electron transport chain
74
lack of O2 In animals for respiration
glycolysis still continues in the cytoplasm, but reduced NAD must pass its hydrogen atoms to pyruvate; pyruvate becomes the final electron acceptor. Lactate or lactic acid is formed.
75
no O2 In yeast for respiration
ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation, a net production of 2ATPs per glucose molecule (2% efficiency).
76
how many ATP molecules are produced
38 ATPs per glucose molecule.
77
how much net ATPis produced during glycolysis
2ATPs by substrate level phosphorylation
78
how much net ATP's produced during Krebs
2ATPs by substrate level phosphorylation
79
how much net ATP's produced during Chemiosmosis at the inner membranes of the mitochondria
34 ATPs by oxidative phosphorylation
80
is respiration catabolic
yes
81

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