Unit One- Chemical Elements And Biological Compounds Flashcards
(318 cards)
1
Q
What is magnesiums role
A
Needed for photosynthesis
2
Q
When trees lack magnesium what happens?
A
Leaves appear yellow
3
Q
What is the role of iron in a cell?
A
Makes haemoglobin, transport of oxygen in the body
4
Q
What happens when a person is deficient in iron?
A
Become anemic
5
Q
What is the role of calcium
A
Structural component of bones and teeth
6
Q
What is the role of a phosphate molecule?
A
Needed for the production of nucleotides (ATP) .used in the cell wall
7
Q
Condensation
A
The removal of water and the formation of a covarent bond
8
Q
Hydrolysis
A
The braking down of large molecules into smaller molecules by adding water
9
Q
What type of structure does water have
A
Dipolar (positive oxygen negative hydrogen)
10
Q
What bond can water molecules form
A
Hydrogen bonds
11
Q
What types of molecules does water attract?
A
Polar
12
Q
What is the biological importance of a solvent
A
Involved with reactions ( hydrolysis)
Acts as a transport medium (blood)
13
Q
What is the biological importance of metabolite
A
Involved in biochemical reactions ( hydrolysis)
14
Q
What is the biological importance of cohesion?
A
Water is attracted to each other ( hydrogen bonds), allows water to be drawn up in the xylem
15
Q
What do carbohydrates contain?
A
Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
16
Q
What are carbohydrates used for?
A
- building blocks ( ribose)
- stores energy (starch)
- source of energy ( glucose)
- Structural support
17
Q
Indicator of a monosaccharide?
A
Sweet tasting
18
Q
Molecules
A
two or more atoms.
19
Q
what are ions form?
A
.
20
Q
function of chlorine
A
Transport of carbon dioxide
21
Q
Function of sodium in the body
A
Nerve impulse transmission 
22
Q
Function of magnesium
A
Enzyme function
23
Q
Formulae of glucose
A
C6 H12 06
24
Q
How are monosaccharides named
A
Based on how many carbons are in the molecule ( triose - 3 sugars )
25
What are disaccharides made of?
Two monosaccharides
26
How are disaccharides formed
Condensation reaction
27
What type of bond is formed during hydrolysis
Glycosidic bond
28
Is water polar?
Yes
29
Is water hydrophilic or hydrophobic
Hydrophilic ( water loving)
30
How many carbons does glucose contain
6
31
What name is given to those monosaccharides that contain 5 carbon atoms
Pentose sugars (ribose)
32
What does glucose and glucose make?
Maltose
33
What does glucose and fructose make?
Sucrose
34
What does galactose and glucose make
Lactose
35
What is a reducing sugar
A sugar that is capable of acting as a reducing agent ( donating an electron)
36
What is used in testing for a reducing sugar?
Benedict’s reagent
37
What is the process in testing for a reducing sugar?
- strongly heat sample
- Add equal volumes of Benedict’s reagent to the solution
- if reducing sugar is present it will change from blue liquid to brick red precipitate
38
What is involved in testing for a non-reducing sugar
Hydrochloric acid
39
What is the prowess of testing for a nonreducing sugar
- Heat with hydrochloric acid
- neutralise with alkali until fissing stops
- strongly heat sample
- Add equal volumes of Benedict’s reagent to the solution
- if reducing sugar is present it will change from blue to brick red
40
What are lipids made of?
Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen
41
What can lipids dissolve in
Low solubility in water, high solubility in organic solvents (ethanol)
42
What do Triglycerides make
Fats and oils
43
What are the roles of lipids
- energy reserve
- thermal insulation
- protection
- metabolic water
- waterproofing
44
What’s a phospholipid
Type of lipid with one of the fatty acid tails replaced with a phosphate group
45
Where are phospholipids found
Cell membrane
46
Each phospholipid consist of
-glycerol
-a phosphate head (hydrophilic)
-2 fatty acid chains (hydrophobic)
47
What happens when phospholipids come into contact with water
They form a bilayer
- hydrophilic phosphate groups are attached to water
- hydrophobic tails hide from water molecules
48
What happens to the bpt/mpt of fatty acids when they’re unsaturated
The more double bonds the lower the melting point
49
What does a high uptake of saturated fats lead to in a diet?
Heart disease
50
Is LDL cholesterol good or bad
Bad
51
The affect of polyunsaturated fats in the diet
- we cannot produce it ourselves
- it lowers LDL
52
The affect of monounsaturated fats in the diet
Lowers LDL and raises HDL
53
The affect of unsaturated fats in the diet
Increases cholesterol and LDL
54
The affect of trans fats in the diet
A by-product of processing healthier fats
- raises LDL
- lowering HDL
55
How to test for fats and oils
- sample mixes with ethanol
- shaken with an equal volume of water
- as they are insoluble and cloudy white emulsion appears
56
What is formed when many monosaccharides combine?
Polymer
57
Why are polymers good energy storage?
- Unable to defuse out of cell
- compact
- insoluble ( do not effect the water potential )
- Easily hydrolysed
58
What does starch do
Main energy storage for plants
59
How is starch formed in plants
Sugars made in photosynthesis
But stored as starch
60
What type of glucose is starch made of
a-glucose
61
What are the polymers of starch called
Amylose and amylopectin
62
What is the difference between Amylose and amylopectin
- Amylose is linear with 1-4 glycosidic bonds
- amylopectin is branched and has 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic
- Amylose forms a helix
- Amylopectin has more exposed ends - hydrolysis easer
63
What is a polymer
A large molecule made from repeating units
64
How to test for starch
Iodine solution
Orange-brown to blue-black
65
What is the main storage product in animals
Glycogen
66
What is the difference between amylopectin and glycogen
Glycogen is more branched
Faster hydrolysis
Faster release of glucose
67
Where can cellulose be found in a plant
Plant cell walls
68
What polymer of glucose does cellulose contain?
b-glucose
69
In what form is cellulose bonded
With b-glucose rotated 180*
Forming straight line parallel chains
70
What type types of bonds does cellulose form
Glycosidic and hydrogen
71
Where in chitin found
Exoskeleton of insects, cell wall in moss
72
What is chitin made off
Long parallel chains of b-glucose with 180* rotation ( with added acetylamine groups) cross linked to each other by hydrogen bonds ( forming microfibrilles
73
Are lipids polar
No
74
Are lipids soluble
No
75
What do lipids contain
Carbon hydrogen and oxygen
76
How are triglycerides formed
The combination of
- one glycerol
- 3 fatty acids
77
What type of bonds bond glycerol and fatty acids in a triglyceride
Ester
78
What makes a fatty acid unsaturated
C=C double bonds
79
What form do saturated fatty acids take
Semi solid
80
What do fatty acids do
-Energy reserves
- thermal insulation
- protection
- metabolic water
- Waterproofing
81
Which type of fatty acids are most responsible for heart disease as a1
Saturated
82
What is a phospholipid
A lipid with one fatty acid tail replaced with a phosphate group
83
Are fatty acids polar
No
84
Are fatty acids soluble
No
85
Are glycerol/phosphate groups polar
Yes
86
Why do plants store energy as lipids
Lipids contain twice as much energy as carbohydrates
Lipids don’t effect water potential
87
What is atherosclerosis
A building up of fatty deposits called atheromas within arteries
88
What is atherosclerosis caused by
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from saturated fats
89
What can atherosclerosis lead to
- Narrowing of the arteries, loss of elasticity, blood restriction, reduced oxygen in the heart, angina, heart attack
- ruptured endothelial lining, blood clots, strokes
90
What groups are proteins made from
Amino acid
R group
Carboxyl group
91
State two differences between phospholipids and triglycerides
Phospholipid has two fatty acids and triglycerides have three
Phospholipids have a phosphate group triglycerides don’t
92
What type of reaction forms a peptide bond
Condensation
93
Where does the peptide bond form in proteins
The amino acid in one molecule and the carbolic acid in another
94
How are triglycerides formed
Esterfication
95
What bond is formed during esterification
Ester
96
Where in a plant are triglycerides found
Seeds and fruits
97
How do triglycerides insulate
- Make up the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibres
- compose the adipose tissue layer under the skin
98
What do you add to test for protein
-Sodium hydroxide
-copper sulphate
99
What’s the colour change in a protein test
Blue to lilac
100
Are globular proteins soluble
Yes
101
What shape do globular proteins form
Spherical
102
What additional bonds do secondary proteins have
Hydrogen
103
What can the amino acid sequence of globular proteins be described as
Irregular ( wide range of R groups)
104
What makes a collagen molecule strong
-triple helix
-covalent and hydrogen bonds
- links form fibrils
- staggered ends
- many collagen fibrils join together to form fibres
105
What does DNA do
-Holds genetic information
- contains instructions for growth and development of organisms
106
What does transfer RNA do
To transfer the genetic code in DNA out of the nucleus to the ribosomes
107
What is both DNA and RNA made of
Nucleotides
108
What are nucleotides made of
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base
109
What reaction joins nucleotides
Condensation
110
What bond is between nucleotides
Ester
111
What are the bond in the sugar phosphate backbone
Phosphodiester bonds
112
What type of bonds are there between bases
Hydrogen
113
What are the purine bases
Adenine and guanine
114
What are the pyrimidine bases
Cytosine, thymine and uricil
115
What is the difference between the A-T bond and the C-G bond
A-T has two hydrogen bonds
C-G have three
116
What base does RNA never contain
Thymine
117
What type of strand is RNA
polynucleotide strand ( signal stranded)
118
Where r ribosomes
Free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
119
What do ribosomes do
They read RNA to make polypeptides ( proteins )
120
What type of RNA forms ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA
121
What are ribosomes made of
rRNA and protein
122
What type of cells are ribosome’s
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic
123
Which type of cells have larger ribosomes
Eukaryotic
124
What size ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells
80s
125
What size ribosomes are found in prokaryotic calls
70s
126
What enzymes catalyse peptide bonds in mRNA
DNA polymerase
127
What do condensation enzymes do to mRNA
Catalyse the formation of l peptide bonds between amino acids
128
How many subunits does mRNA sit between?
2
129
Are ribosomes surrounded by a membrane
No
130
What type of DNA replication occurs during cell replication
Semi-conservative
131
Why is semi conservative replication called that
One of the polynucleotide strands is from the original DNA molecule
Therefore the new DNA molecule has conserved half of the original DNA
132
Why is retaining one DNA strand so important
Ensures genetic continuity (cells inherit all necessary genes)
133
When does DNA replication occur
In preparation of mitosis
134
What phase in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur
S phase (interphase)
135
What unzips DNA during protein synthesis
DNA helicase
136
Which bonds break when DNA stands are separated
Hydrogen bonds between bases pairs
137
What do DNA strands act as when replicating
Template strands
138
What are new strands made from
Free nucleotides
139
What joins nucleotides together
DNA polymerase
140
What type of reaction forms new DNA
Condensation reaction
141
What are free nucleotides in the nucleus called
Activated nucleotides
142
What catalysis to in DNA to form DNA
Sugar backbone
143
Where do hydrogen bonds form
Between base pairings
144
Which direction can DNA form
Only 5-3
145
Which way is DNA unzipped
From 3 to 5
146
Which strand can be synthesised continuously
Leading strand
147
Which way does DNA polymerase move on the lagging strand
Away from the replication fork
148
Which enzyme joins the lagging strands together
DNA ligase
149
What do we use energy for?
- anabolic reactions
- active transport
- muscle contraction
- nerve impulse
150
What is ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
151
What is ATP structurally similar to
DNA ( nucleotides)
152
Is ATP soluble
Yes
153
What does ATP provide
Short term chemical energy storage
154
Why is ATP so efficient
- It can be hydrolysed quickly
- contains useful quantities of energy
- gives the cell control
- ATP is relatively stable at ph level
155
What enzyme catalysis ATP
ATP hydrolase
156
How much energy is released when hydrolysing ATP
30.8 Jk mol-1
157
Atp is stable what is the benefit?
Doesn’t break down unless catalysed
158
Can humans synthesise large storage of ATP
No
159
What must combine with ADP to form ATP
Pi (phosphate group)
160
What type of bonds form with water
Hydrogen
161
What do the hydrogen bonds in water allow it to do
-solvent
- high specific heat capacity
- water
162
What is cation
An ion that has a +ve charge
163
What is an anion
An ion that has a -ve charge
164
What is an inorganic ion
An ion that doesn’t have carbon
165
What do H+ ions do
They determine the pH of a solution
166
What happens what You have less H+ ion s
Higher pH
167
What happens what You have more H+
Lowers pH
168
What do iron ions bond to
Oxygen
169
How many iron ions are there in each poly peptide changes in haemoglobin
One in each
170
How do amino acids cross cell membranes
Carrier proteins
171
How does glucose pass through call membrane
Carrier proteins
172
What proses does carrier proteins use
Co-transport
173
Why are phosphate ions useful
That makes DNA, RNA and ATP
174
What is the advantage of ATP releasing energy in such small doses
-little energy wasted
- energy can be used in separate processes
- quick and easy hydrolysis
- helps in regulation ( temperature)
175
What enzyme catalysis ATP
ATPase
176
How can cells reuse ATP
Condensation and cellular respiration
177
What is a cell membrane formed off
A phospholipid bilayer (10nm)
178
What type of cells have a nucleus
Eukaryotic cells
179
What are chromosomes made from
Linear DNA tightly rapped around histones( proteins)
180
Where is the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria
181
What’s found in the matrix of a mitochondria
- circular DNA ( mitochondrial DNA)
- enzymes
-ribosomes
182
Does chloroplast’s have a single or double membrane
Double
183
What does thylakoids contain
Chlorophyll
184
Where does the light dependent stage take place in,when chloroplasts perform photosynthesis
The thylakoid
185
Where does the light dependent stage take place in,when plants perform photosynthesis
The stoma
186
Where is the site of translation during protein synthesis
The rRNA
187
Does the smooth ER have ribosomes
No
188
What is the function of the smooth ER
Involved in production protesting and storage of molecules
189
What does the Golgi apparatus do
Modify the protein and lipids packaging them in the Golgi vesicle
190
What type of cell is most specialised eukaryotic or prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
191
What type of cell makes bacteria
Prokaryotic
192
What is the difference between the DNA of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
In prokaryotes the DNA is not packaged within a nucleus or chromosome
193
What do prokaryotic cells lack
Membrane bond organelles
194
What’s type odd cell has smaller ribosomes
Prokaryotic
195
What is a virus
A boon cellular infections particle that is both living and not living
196
What is the core of a virus made of
Nucleotides
197
what is the protein cost of a a virus called
A capsid
198
What is the outer layer of a membrane called in an virus
Envelope
199
Are viruses parasitic
Yes
200
Give the meaning of a specialised cell
A call that has differentiated and has specific features that enable it to carry out a particular function
201
What are the phases of cell division
-Interphase
- mitosis
- cytokinesis
202
Wasn’t phases make up interphase
G1,S,G2
203
What happens during interphase
The cell increases in mass and size and carries out its normal cellular functions
204
What happens during G1
Cell grows and receives signal to divide
205
What happens during S phase
Syntheses of DNA
206
What happens during G2
Cell growth
Error checking
207
What phase comes after interphase
Mitosis
208
What phase is after mitosis
cytokinesis
209
What is mitosis
The process of nuclear division by which two genetically identical daughter nuclei are produced
210
What is mitosis used for
Growth
Repair of tissues
Replacement of cells
Asexual reproduction
211
What do the daughter cells have in common
Same number of chromosomes
212
What is a zygote
A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid cells
213
Where in humans does fast mitosis occur
Skin, lining of the gut, uterus
214
What are the three phases of cell decision?
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
215
What is anaphase?
Spindle fibres pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere
216
What is prophase? 
Chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope containing them breakdown
217
What is metaphase?
Chromosomes lineup along the equator of the cell and spindle fibre attached to the centimetres
218
Where do spindle fibres come from
Centrosome
219
What do chromosomes consist of?
Two identical chromatids called sister chromatids that are joined at the centromere
220
How much DNA does one chromatid contain?
One DNA molecule 
221
What creates the cell wall in plant cells during cytokinesis?
Cell plate
222
How do calculate mitotic index?
Mitotic index =
Number of cells with visible chromosomes
______________________________
total number of cells
223
What organelles does prokaryotic cells not have?
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Membrane- bound organelles
Spindle fibres
224
What is the proses of binary fission?
- circular DNA replicated
-Plasmids replicate
- The parents cell divides into two
225
Do viruses undergo cell division
No
226
What happens during G1
Cell growth
Protein synthesis
Production of organelles
Production of RNA 
227
What are the conditions required for a cell pass from G1 to S 
-Cell is not big enough
-Cell hasn’t produced enough protein
-DNA has been damaged
-Environment doesn’t contain enough nutrients 
228
What do cell membrane’s do
-Create an enclosed space
- control exchange of materials
229
What can membranes be described as
Partially permeable
230
What type of transport occurs through cell membranes
Diffusion, osmosis and active transport
231
What are membranes formed by
A bilayer of photosynthesis
232
What microscope is used to see a cell membrane
Electron microscope
233
What does the fluid mosaic model explain?
- passive and active transport
- cell to cell interaction
- cell signaling
234
What happens when You place phospholipids in water
The form a phospholipid monolayer
235
What type of proteins are enclosed in a cell membrane
Intrinsic and extrinsic
236
Where are extrinsic and intrinsic membrane found
Intrinsic- embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
Extrinsic- found on the surface of the membrane
237
Can phospholipids ans proteins move and how
Yes via diffusion
238
What molecules does the cell membrane contain
Phospholipid
Cholesterol
Glycolipids and carbohydrates
Transport protein
239
Where is cholesterol found
They fit between phospholipid molecules
not in prokaryotic cells
240
What does cholesterol do to a membrane and why
-Regulated it fluidity by preventing them from sitting too closely (prevents them from freezing) ( stabilises at night temp)
- increase mechanical strength
241
What do glycoproteins and glycolipids do
-Act as receptor molecules and bind to other cells
242
What are the three types of receptors
-signalling/ neurotransmitters
-endocytosis
- cell adhesion
243
What type of proteins are on the cell membrane
Channel and carrier
244
What do the hydrophobic tails in the cell membrane stop passing
Water soluble polar molecules
245
What do glycolipids and glycoproteins act as
Receptor molecules
246
What type of molecules do transport proteins move
Ions and polar molecules
247
Diffusion
The net movement of molecules form a high concentration to a low concentration down the concentration gradient
248
Factors that effect the rate of diffusion in a cell
- Steepness of a concentration gradient
- temperature
-surface area
-Properties of molecule or ion
249
What substances cannot move through a cell membrane
Large polar molecules and ions
250
What is facilitated diffusion
The movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration down a concentration gradient with help form proteins
251
What are channel proteins filled with
Water
252
What type of substances do channel proteins allow through
Charged substances or ions
253
Do channel proteins have a as fixed shape
Yes
254
Do carrier proteins have a fixed shape
No
255
How does water move through a cell membrane
Osmosis
256
Osmosis
The movement of water molecules from a high water potential to a low water potential down the water potential gradient across a partially permeable membrane
257
Why can water pass through the cell membrane
It’s small
258
What prevents a plant cell from bursting when it becomes turgid
Cell wall
259
What happens to cells in plants and the plant organism when there’s not enough water
Cells becomes plasmolysed and plans wilt
260
What happens during plasmolysis
The cytoplasm shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall
261
What will happen to an animal cell when it’s placed in substance with a low water potential
Water leaves the cell by osmosis
The cell shrinks and shrivels up becoming flaccid
262
What is it called when the potential outside the cell is greater the the solute potential outside the cell
The cell is in a hypertonic environment
263
What happens when an animal cell is put in something with a higher water potential
The cell will stretch and then burst ( cytolysis )
264
What is an isotonic environment
When a cell is in an environment where the water oriented is equal inside and outside of the cell
265
What happens to a cell when a cell is in an isotonic environment
The water moves in and or off the cell at the same rate … no net movement
266
What test is done to show the movement of water by osmosis
Potato experiment
267
What is active transport
The movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration up the concentration gradient using ATP
268
What type of transport protein uses active transport to move molecules
Carrier proteins
269
Are carrier proteins specific
Yes
270
What does the energy do to a molecule during active transport
It’s used to change it’s shape
271
What is active transport used in
- restoration of useful ion and molecules after the kidney filters it
- absorption of some products of digestion
- loading sugar from photosynthetic of leaves into the phloem tissue
- loading inorganic tissues into root hair cells
272
What does co-transport involve
Facilitated diffusion and active transport
273
What type of proteins use co- transport
Carrier
274
What effects the rate of transport
Surface area
Concentration gradient
Diffusion distance
275
What do epithelial cells use to increase the rate of diffusion
They contain microvilli to increase the suave area in the small interaction. Increases the rate of diffusion
276
What conditions effect the permeability of a cell membrane
Temperature
Solvent concentration
277
What test is used to measure permeability
Beetroot experiment
278
What may effect the beetroot experiment
-If the cutlets have scratches
-The beetroot may not be the same size
- some parts of the beetroot may be more pigmented
279
What are antigens
The carbohydrate part of glycoproteins
280
What is the bacterial cell wall made of
Peptidoglycan
281
in enzyme what's it called when two substrate molecules are combined to form a single product molecule
anabolism.
282
what's it called when enzymes are involved in breaking down complex substrate molecules into two or more product molecules
catabolism
283
what are the benefits of enzyme in industry
they are not used up
you don't need many
they can be used over and over again
several enzymes can be used at once
284
what are two uses of enzyme in industry
medical biosensors
- blood glucose molecules
to produce lactoses free milk
285
what do prokaryotic cells contain
ribosomes, cell membrane, peptidoglycan cell wall, cytoplasm, circular DNA, mesosoms
286
what do eukaryotic plant cells contain
cellulose cell wall, cell membrane, plasdesmata, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, vacuole, mitochondria, rough ER, Golgi body, nucleus, tonoplast
287
heat do eukaryotic animal cells contain
plasma cell membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole, mitochondria, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi body, ribosomes
288
why are viruses not alive
they have no cell membrane
they have no cytoplasm
they cannot carry out respiration and synthesise ATP
they do not grow
they cannot replicate or reproduce on their own –they must invade a host cell and use the cell’s metabolic processes to produce more virus particles.
289
what do viruses contain
a protein coat called a capsid, enzyme involved with replication, DNA and RNA
290
where is Columnar epithelial tissue found
small intestine
291
what do Columnar epithelial cells in the small intestine have
microvilli
292
where is Cuboidal epithelial tissue found
in the kidney
293
what is the function of cuboidal epithelial tissue
reabsorb useful substances that are filtered out of the blood.
294
where is squamous epithelial tissue found
lungs - alveoli
295
where is Stratified epithelium found
in the skin
296
where is ciliated tissue found
trachea, and fallopian tube
297
where is connected tissue found
between tissues, tendons, skeleton,Cartilage
298
what type of muscle cells are there and where are they
smooth muscle- involuntary tissue
cardiac muscle - heart
skelital muscle - volentree muscle
299
what is cohesion
where water sticks together
300
what is adhesion
when water sticks to other molecules
301
what are structural isomers
Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different arrangements of their atoms
302
what bond are disaccharides joined by
glycosidic
303
what are both starch and glycogen made of
a-glucose
304
what is cellulose made of
b-glucose
305
which molecule contains cross linkage
cellulose
306
what are microfibrils
long threads of cellulose containing cross linkage
307
why is it difficult to digest cellulose
high tensile strength, cross linkage, microfibrils
308
where is chitin found
cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of bugs
309
is chitin a polysaccharide
no
310
why is chitin not a polysaccharide
contains nitrogen
311
does chitin or cellulose have greater tensile strength
chitin
312
what is the test for a reducing sugar
Add Benedict's reagent, heat and wait for precipitate to form, blue to brick-red
313
how to test for a non-reducing sugar (sucrose)
add hydrochloric acid then neutralise
Add Benedict's reagent, heat and wait for precipitate to form, blue to brick-red
314
test for starch
iodine
orange to blue black
315
316
Difference in haploid and diploid cells
Haploid- (n)
Diploid- (2n)
317
Gametes
Reproductive cells
318
What is the structure of a glycoprotein
A globular protein with carbohydrates attached
