UNIT 3: Skeletal Framework and Viscera Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
what are the 3 cavities of respiration
A
thorax, abdomen, diaphragm
2
Q
thorax
A
cavity created by the ribcage
3
Q
abdomen
A
space containing the organs of digestion
4
Q
diaphragm
A
separates thorax from abdomen - contraction expands vertical dimension of thorax
5
Q
the bony thorax includes
A
the sternum and ribs
6
Q
the axial skeleton includes
A
vertebral column
7
Q
the appendicular skeleton includes
A
pectoral and pelvic girdles
8
Q
functional unit of the vertebral column is the
A
vertebra, aka a vertebrae
9
Q
what are the 5 divisions of the vertebral column
A
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
10
Q
cervical vertebra have ____ vertebrae and are located ____ and the shape of the spine is _____
A
7, C1 to C7, concave
11
Q
Thoracic vertebra have ____ vertebrae and are located ____ and the shape of the spine is _____
A
12, T1-T12, convex
12
Q
Lumbar vertebra have ____ vertebrae and are located ____ and the shape of the spine is _____
A
5, L1-L5, concave
13
Q
sacral vertebra have ____ vertebrae and are located ____ and the shape of the spine is _____
A
5 fused, sacrum, convex
14
Q
Coccygeal vertebra have ____ vertebrae and are located ____
A
3-4 fused, coccyx
15
Q
intervertebral discs…
A
sit bw the vertebra and act like cushions
16
Q
the vertebral foramen is where
A
the spinal cord passes thru
17
Q
the body of a cervical vertebrae connects to
A
the body of other cervical vertebra
18
Q
the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae are for
A
muscle and ligament attachment
19
Q
the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae allow for
A
the vertebral artery to pass thru
20
Q
the spinous process of the cervical vertebra is for
A
posterior muscles and ligament attachment
21
Q
what do facets of the cervical vertebra do
A
they are like part of a joint, a flat surface or slight depression that allows for another bone to come into contact
22
Q
the superior articular facet of cervical vertebra connects to
A
the vertebra above
23
Q
the inferior articular facet of the cervical vertebra connects to
A
the vertebra below
24
Q
the intervertebral foramina is for
A
spinal nerves to exit/enter
25
how is C1 special?
- aka the atlas
- skull rests on C1 (large superior articular facets)
- large vertebral foramen (for all the fibers leaving the skull)
- small spinous process
26
what does the joint of C1's superior articular facets and the skull allow for?
nodding of the head
27
how is C2 special?
- aka the axis
- large spinous process
- odontoid process
28
what does the odontoid process of C2 do?
acts as a pivot for rotation of the skull
29
the superior, inferior, and transverse costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae connect to the
ribs
30
the body or corpus of the lumbar vertebrae are for
attachement point for diaphragm
31
the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae is for
connection to the muscles of the abdomen and back
32
the spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae is for
connection for the muscles of the back
33
the pectoral girdle includes the
scapula and clavicle
34
the scapula and clavicle are
- the attachment point for the arm
- only connected to sternum
35
clavicle articulates with
sternum
36
scapula articulates with
clavicle
37
pelvic girdle includes
ilium, sacrum, pubic bone, ischium
38
the illium, sacrum, pubic bone, and ischium all serve as
attachment points for lower extremities to the vertebral column
39
the manubrium of the sternum serves as
the attachment site for the clavicle and 1st rib
40
the body of the sternum serves as
the attachment point for ribs 2-7
41
what is the xiphoid/ensiform process of the sternum
a plate of hyaline cartilage that ossifies at approx age 40
42
the manubrosternal angle of the sternum is what
fibrocartilage joint that acts as a hinge
43
how many ribs are there
12 pairs
44
how do the sizes of the ribs differ
smaller at the top and bottom, middle ribs are the largest
45
how are the ribs angled
the ribs angle forward at the angle of the rib and downward towards the sternum
46
What are the general features of the ribs
head
neck
angle
tubercle
shaft
chondral end (costal cartilage)
47
the costal cartilage of the rib attaches to
the sternum
48
the ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae via
the head and tubercle of the rib
49
how does the rib attach to the thoracic vertebra?
- ribs 2-9 attaches to thoracic vertebra w the same number (n) and with another rib (n-1)
- ex. Rib 3 attaches to superior costal facet and transverse costal facet of T3 and inferior coastal facet of T2
50
how is rib 1 different in how it attaches to the vertebral column
attaches to T1 only (no T vertebra above)
51
how are ribs 10, 11, 12 different in how they attache to the vertebral column
only have one facet and attach to the vertebra of the same number
52
what are true ribs
1-7
attach directly to sternum at chondral end via costal cartilage
53
what are false ribs
8-10
chondral portion of rib runs superiorly to sternum, joining the costal cartilage above it (common cartilage)
54
what are floating ribs
11 & 12
articulate only w vertebral column
55
how is cervical spine surgery important to SLPs
may have a patient w this surgery - surgery from the back is risky because the spinal cord is in the way - less risky to come from the side, but that means that the need to move the larynx out of the way... and they leave behind some hardware in the spine which ends up being next to he pharynx, can cause changes to the space available for swallowing
56
how can abnormalities in spine curvature affect us?
- too much convexity - kyphosis
- too much concave in lumbar region during pregnancy leads to shortness of breath (lordosis)
- scoliosis is asymmetry, means one side cant expand properly
57
what are the 2 zones of the visceral thorax
conducting zone, respiratory zone
58
the conducting zone is
- passageways that carry air to respiratory zone
- includes structures in the upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract
59
lower respiratory tract includes
larynx (below vocal folds), trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
60
upper respiratory tract includes
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx (above vocal folds)
61
the respiratory zone is
- distal end of the lower respiratory tract - location of gas exchange
- includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
62
what are the main 2 features of the trachea
- strong flexible tube
- tracheal wall
63
what are the 3 layers of the tracheal wall (superficial to deep)
mucous membrane, submucosa, adventitia
64
the mucous membrane of the trachea has what features
- beating cilia propel mucous superiorly
- elastin allows trachea to stretch during inhalation and recoil during exhalation
- mucosa is sensitive to irritants (sensory stimulation evokes cough reflex)
65
the submucosa membrane of the trachea does what
houses glands that produce mucous
66
the adventitia layer of the trachea does what
CT outer layer that contains the cartilaginous rings (which are more like C shapes)
67
how is the trachea supported by cartilage
-16 to 20 C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
- rings are open posteriorly - trachealis muscle sits in this space, contraction shortens and dec diameter of the trachea (ex. coughing or sneezing)
68
the trachea divides into
2 mainstem or primary bronchi ... point of bifurcation is called the carina
69
the carina is
the point where the trachea separates into the 2 primary bronchi - last place foreign material can be stopped before lungs
70
what is the order of the bronchi
mainstem or primary bronchi
lobar or secondary bronchi
segmental or tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
71
describe mainstem/primary bronchi
- each mainstem brochus enters lung thru medial depression called the hilum
- right mainstem bronchus is more vertical, wider and shorter (aspiration will go to right lung sooner)
72
describe the lobar or secondary bronchi
- 3 on right, 2 on left
- to each lobe of the lung
73
describe segmental/tertiary bronchi
- 10 on right, 8 on left
- to each segment of each lobe
74
describe the bronchioles
- <1mm diameter
- repeated divisions results in gradually smaller passageways
- conducting zone ends w terminal bronchioles (<0.5mm)
75
what changes anatomically as the bronchi gets smaller?
-cartilaginous rings become smaller irregular plates or cartilage, eventually disappear
- cilia and mucous-producing cells disappear
76
what are the 3 components of the respiratory zone
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli, arranged in clusters or sacs
77
describe alveoli
- region of gas exchange in the lungs (300 mill)
- thin outer membrane permeable to O2 and CO2 covered w extensive dense capillary bed
78
what does the membrane of the alveoli consist of?
- type 1 cells for gas exchange
- type 2 cells that produce surfactant (dec surface tension, prevent collapse of alveoli during respiration)
79
what does the extensive capillary bed of an alveoli allow for?
small blood volume to be spread over very large alveolar surface area for gas exchange
80
how are the lungs organized
- right = 3 lobes
- left = 2 lobes and cardiac notch
- each lobe is divided into a number of bronchopulmonary segments (10 on R, 8 on L)
81
what is the pleurae of the lungs?
- a double layered membrane that encloses the lungs
- outer layer and inner layer
- each layer is one continuous sheet of serous membrane, folds back on itself at the hilum
82
Outer layer of the pleurae of the lungs lines...
internal surface of thoracic cavity, superior surface of diaphragm, and lateral surface of the mediastinum (parietal pleura)
83
Inner layer of the pleurae of the lungs adheres to...
the external surface of the lung (visceral pleura)
84
what is the pleural cavity?
potential space bw parietal and visceral pleurae filled w serous pleural fluid, allows layers to glide upon each other for friction free interaction bw ribcage and lungs
85
what are the 2 functions of the pleural fluid?
- holds parietal and visceral pleura together, lungs cling to thoracic wall and move with it
- lubricates allowing the lungs to slide across the thoracic wall
86
describe the notochord in axial skeleton dev
- develops into the notochordal canal, which is eventually the vertebral canal
- signals the tissue around the neural tube to begin ossifying to form vertebrae
87
when do the vertebrae of the axial skeleton begin ossifying? when does it end?
7th week of dev
continues into adulthood
88
what type of tissue is the ribcage in dev?
begins as cartilage and ossifies in fetal period - not fully ossified due to chondral ends
89
when does the respiratory system begin to dev?
4th week of embryonic period
90
The ____ tube develops in the endoderm. The tube elongates into ____ buds, which will develop into lungs. This tube will also develop into the _____ and ____.
- Laryngotracheal
- bronchial
- larynx
- trachea
91
Trachea will grow from ___ to ___ in adulthood.
4cm to 13 cm
92
Lungs mature in what 4 stages
- pseudoglandular
- canalicular
- terminal saccular
- alveolar
93
describe the pseudoglandular stage of lung dev
- weeks 5-17
- all structures of lungs dev except alveoli
- respiration isnt possible
94
describe the canalicular stage of lung dev
- weeks 16 to 25
- bronchioles enlarge
- lung tissue becomes vascularized
- at 25 weeks, infant reaches area of viability (alveoli in place)
95
describe the terminal saccular stage of lung dev
- weeks 24/25 to late fetal
- terminal saccules dev (will become alveoli)
- saccules are lined with surfactant (keeps alveoli inflated)
96
describe the alveolar stage of lung dev
- late fetal to 8 years
- at birth 25 mill alveoli, only 5% mature/functional
- alveoli mature thru 3 years
- adult hood = 300 mill alveoli
97
what is a tracheotomy
surgical incision at 2nd or 3rd tracheal rings
98
what is a tracheostomy? what is it used for?
- opening that allows for tracheostomy tube to be inserted directly into trachea - used to bipass upper resp obstruction
- may be used w ventilator is hypoxic (low O2) or hypercapnic (high CO2)
99
what is pneumothorax
- air in the pleural space resulting from trauma
- may interrupt pleural linkage, and lead to collapse of lung
