Unit 3 Vocab

Question 1

Albany Plan of Union

Answer 1

a plan to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies, suggested by Benjamin Franklin, then a senior leader (age 45) and a delegate from Pennsylvania, at the Albany Congress in July 10, 1754 in Albany, New York.

Question 2

Covenant Chain

Answer 2

an alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the colony of New York which sought to establish Iroquois dominance over all other tribes and thus put New York in an economically and politically dominant position among the other colonies

Question 3

Edward Braddock

Answer 3

was a British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.

Question 4

William Pitt

Answer 4

English statesman who brought the Seven Years’ War to an end (1708-1778)

Question 5

Treaty of Paris (after French-Indian War)

Answer 5

treaty in which British formally recognized the independence of the United States; granted generous boundaries (Mississippi River to Great Lakes to Spanish Florida plus a share in the priceless fisheries on Newfoundland); Americans could no longer persecute Loyalists and had to restore their property to them; states vowed to put no lawful obstacles in the way of debt-collecting from British

Question 6

Neolin

Answer 6

was known by the English as the Delaware Prophet; believed that the Indians had been corrupted by the Europeans and needed to return to their traditions and prepare for a holy war.

Question 7

Pontiac

Answer 7

supported the ideas of Neolin; was the principal leader of the resistance against the British; was not successful in his rebellion against the British, which became known as “___ Rebellion.”

Question 8

Proclamation of 1763

Answer 8

issued by King George III following Great Britain’s acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War, which forbade all settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains.

Question 9

Sugar Act

Answer 9

First law passed by Parliament that raised tax revenues in the colonies for the crown. It increased duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

Question 10

vice-admiralty courts

Answer 10

juryless courts located in British colonies that were granted jurisdiction over local legal matters related to maritime activities, such as disputes between merchants and seamen.

Question 11

Stamp Act

Answer 11

1765 George Grenville imposed this measure to raise revenue insupport of the new military force. The Stamp Act mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of the tax. (internal tax)

Question 12

George Grenville

Answer 12

Prime Minister of England.

Ordered in 1763 the British Navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation laws. Secured Sugar Act from Parliament.

Question 13

Patrick Henry

Answer 13

Made a dramatic speech to the Virginia House of Burgesses in May 1765. “Virginia Resolves” were his resolutions for the colonies on taxes. No taxing unless by the Virginia House.

Question 14

Thomas Hutchinson

Answer 14

British governor of Massachusetts whose stubborn policies helped provoke the Boston tea Party First Continental Congress - Body led by John Adams that issued a Declaration of Rights and organized The Association to boycott all British

Question 15

Sons of Liberty

Answer 15

Violent group that often took matters in to its own hands. “Liberty, Property and No Stamps”
Tar and feathered those who violated the non-importation agreements.

Question 16

Stamp Act Congress

Answer 16

Colonists outcried against the stamp tax. In 1765 there formed a ___________ which gathered in New York City, 27 delegates from nine colonies. The members debated and then drew up a statement of their rights and grievences and asked the king and Parliament to repeal the offensive legislation.
Beginning of the steps toward intercolonial unity.

Question 17

Declaratory Act

Answer 17

1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and passed this act which reaffirmed Parliament’s right to “bind” the colonies. Line in sand drawn.

Question 18

Republicanism

Answer 18

Derived from Greek and Romans republics. Meant a just society was one in which all citizens subordinated their private, selfish interest to the common good.
Stability of the society was then dependant on the virtue of its citizens and it was opposed to hierarchical and authoriatrian institutions such as a monarchy

Question 19

John Locke

Answer 19

an English political philosopher whose ideas inspired the American revolution. He wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property, and that governments exist to protect those rights. He believed that government was based upon an unwritten “social contract” between the rulers and their people, and if the government failed to uphold its end of the contract, the people had a right to rebel and institute a new government. inspired part of the DOI

Question 20

Charles Townshend (Townshend Duties)

Answer 20

was in control of the British ministry and was nicknamed “Champagne Charley” for his brilliant speeches in Parliament while drunk. He persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts. These new regulations was a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, and tea. It was a tax that the colonists were greatly against and was a near start for rebellions to take place. (Writs of Assistance was part of this; allowed inspections for no reason)

Question 21

Quartering Act

Answer 21

Act which required colonies to provide food and lodging for British troops

Question 22

Lord Hillsborough

Answer 22

British secretary of state for american affairs. Dispatched Thomas gage and 4,000 british troops to Boston for their letter opposing the Townshend Acts.

Question 23

Lord North

Answer 23

British prime minister after Townshend in 1770. Persuades parliament to call off most of the American taxes except tea as part of his compromise. Colonial merchants call off the boycott.

Question 24

nonimportation movement (or agreement)

Answer 24

An act signed by 200 merchants pledging not to buy any British goods until Parliament repeals the Stamp Act, colonial merchants and planters signed these agreements to promise to stop importing goods taxed by the townshed acts

Question 25

Boston Massacre

Answer 25

British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution.

Question 26

committees of correspondence

Answer 26

organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

Question 27

Paxton Boys

Answer 27

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Question 28

Lord Dunmore

Answer 28

Royal governor of Virginia. Issued proclamation promising freedom to black slaves and white indentured servants who joined the loyalists.

Question 29

Dunmore's War

Answer 29

War between Virginians and the Shawnee and Mingo Indians in 1774. The two forces met at Point Pleasant on the Virginia side of the Ohio River, and the Indians were defeated. During the peace conference that followed, Virginia gained uncontested rights to lands south of the Ohio in exchange for its claims on the northern side.

Question 30

Regulator Movement (NC)

Answer 30

in mid-eighteenth-century North Carolina was a rebellion initiated by residents of the colony's inland region, or backcountry, who believed that royal government officials were charging them excessive fees, falsifying records, and engaging in other mistreatments

Question 31

Tea Act

Answer 31

Act passed in may of 1773. Provided financial relief for the East India Company by giving them a monopoly on tea in America. Americans refused the tea and thought they were being bribed for support of the tea tax. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

Question 32

Boston Tea Party

Answer 32

December 16 1773. Artisans and laborers disguised as indians board the Dartmouth and throw tea into the harbor out of protest for taxes

Question 33

Coercive ("Intolerable") Acts

Answer 33

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

Question 34

Quebec Act

Answer 34

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

Question 35

First Continental Congress

Answer 35

convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

Question 36

Continental Association (or "The Association")

Answer 36

A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods. This included non-importation, non-exportation and non-consumption. It was the closest approach to a written constitution yet from the colonies. It was hoped to bring back the days before Parliamentary taxation. Those who violated The Association in America were tarred and feathered.

Question 37

Samuel Adams

Answer 37

Massachusetts Revolutionary leader and propagandist who organized opposition to British policies after 1764; radical member of Sons of Liberty, worried that violence of group would discredit it; proposed united plea for repeal of Townshend Duties and another pan-colonial congress; circulated his own exaggerated version of events around colonies

Question 38

Lexington and Concord

Answer 38

"Shot heard around the world." Massachusetts was proclaimed to be an open rebellion by Lord Dartmouth. Gage ordered to dispatch troops to capture colonial leaders and supplies at the second of the two locations. Paul Revere and others warned patriots in many towns. Minutemen confront british in this battle. Began revolutionary war.

Question 39

Olive Branch Petition

Answer 39

Petition drafted by John Dickinson of Pennsylvania and was adopted by the second continental congress. Submitted to King George. Attempted to assert the rights of the colonists while still remaining loyal to Britain. King George refused to even read it.

Question 40

Bunker Hill

Answer 40

As the Second Continental Congress opens 3,000 British troops attack American fortifications here and at breed's hill. Inspired continental army with countrymen's valor.

Question 41

Thomas Paine, "Common Sense"

Answer 41

Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine calling for independence. Assaulted monarchial order.

Question 42

Declaration of Independence

Answer 42

a formal draft of a resolution created by the continental congress, which was meant to beak all ties with the independent states of America and the British government and crown, created the idea in America that the colonies were now "states".

Question 43

Loyalists ("Tories")

Answer 43

American colonists who supported the British side during the American Revolution.

Question 44

George Washington

Answer 44

Virginian who was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and President of the Constitutional Convention. Later became the first President. Founding Father.

Question 45

Continental Army

Answer 45

the Revolutionary War Army, authorized by the 2nd Continental Congress in 1775 and led by George Washington.

Question 46

Second Continental Congress

Answer 46

Representatives from each of the colonies met in Philadelphia to start an official government and to build an army and a navy (They decided that George Washington would lead their army).They were able to organize a government and an army.

Question 47

The Battle of Saratoga

Answer 47

October 17, 1777 - The battle took place in New York. The British were outnumbered and were forced to surrender. The colonist victory was a turning point in the war because it inspired the French to help the colonists fight the British.

Question 48

Joseph Brant

Answer 48

Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution.

Question 49

The Battle of Yorktown

Answer 49

This was the winning battle of the Revolution and what made the French alliance so important. Colonists had the British cornered by both land and by sea thanks to the French.

Question 50

Treaty of Paris-1783

Answer 50

Ended the American Revolution and forced Britain to recognized the United States as an independent nation

Question 51

Abigail Adams

Answer 51

wife of John Adams wrote a letter to her husband in March 1776 explaining the equality of men and women.

Question 52

"republican motherhood"

Answer 52

a 20th-century term for an attitude toward women's roles present in the emerging United States before, during, and after the American Revolution

Question 53

Phillis Wheatley

Answer 53

Phillis Wheatley was the first published African-American female poet. Born in West Africa, she was sold into slavery at the age of seven and transported to North America

Question 54

Articles of Confederation

Answer 54

this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

Question 55

Newburgh Conspiracy

Answer 55

a plan by Continental Army officers to challenge the authority of the Confederation Congress, arising from their frustration with Congress's long-standing inability to meet its financial obligations to the military.

Question 56

Land Ordinance of 1785

Answer 56

established a systematic and ubiquitous process for surveying, planning and selling townships in the western frontier.

Question 57

Northwest Ordinance

Answer 57

the NW territory is divided to3-5 sep. territories. It needed methodical process to became statehood, (unorganized areas would be overseen by congress. Once pop. became 5000 it would be territory and once pop. became 6000 it would be a state)

Question 58

Creek Confederacy

Answer 58

an American Indian confederacy organized around the Muskogee and including the Hitchiti, Alabama, and Koasati that dominated most of Georgia, Alabama, and northwestern Florida before their removal to Oklahoma.

Question 59

Jay-Gardoqui Treaty

Answer 59

(also known as the Liberty Treaty with Spain) of 1786 between the United States and Spain guaranteed Spain's exclusive right to navigate the Mississippi River for 25 years. It also opened Spain's European and West Indian seaports to American shipping.

Question 60

Shay's Rebellion

Answer 60

this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by _________in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

Question 61

Philadelphia Convention

Answer 61

(also called the Constitutional Convention) Assembly that drafted the Constitution of the United States. All states but Rhode Island sent delegates in response to a call by the Annapolis Convention for a meeting in Philadelphia to amend the Articles of Confederation. The delegates decided to replace the Articles with a document that strengthened the federal government.

Question 62

Virginia Plan

Answer 62

Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states. rep decided by population

Question 63

New Jersey Plan

Answer 63

Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.

Question 64

the "Great Compromise"

Answer 64

allowed NJ plan to become Senate w/ 1 rep (later 2) per state and VA plan became the House of Representatives with representation determined by population

Question 65

Three-Fifths Compromise

Answer 65

was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives

Question 66

Federalists

Answer 66

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

Question 67

Anti-federalists

Answer 67

One of party opposed to a federation government; -- applied particularly to the party which opposed the adoption of the constitution of the United States.

Question 68

Federalist Papers

Answer 68

series of essays promoting ratification of the Constitution, published anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in 1787 and 1788

Question 69

Judiciary Act of 1789

Answer 69

was a United States federal statute adopted on September 24, 1789, in the first session of the First United States Congress. It established the federal judiciary of the United States

Question 70

Bill of Rights

Answer 70

the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship. (vital for some states to agree to sign the Constitution)

Question 71

Alexander Hamilton

Answer 71

was a Founding Father of the United States, chief staff aide to General George Washington, one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the U.S. Constitution, the founder of the nation's financial system, the founder of the Federalist Party

Question 72

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 72

A political leader of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries; one of the Founding Fathers; the leader of the Democratic-Republican party. _____ was principal author of the Declaration of Independence and served as president from 1801 to 1809, between John Adams and James Madison.

Question 73

James Madison

Answer 73

The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812.

Question 74

Report on the Public Credit

Answer 74

was one of three major reports on fiscal and economic policy submitted by first United States Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton on the request of Congress.The report analyzed the financial standing of the United States of America and made recommendations to reorganize the national debt and to establish the public credit.

Question 75

"assumption"

Answer 75

transfer of debt from one party to another; feder government assumed states' Revolutionary War debts in 1790; crucial for Hamilton's plan to have wealthy Americans provide support for national administration

Question 76

Bank of the United States

Answer 76

founded by Alexander Hamilton. It based its system on the British Bank and became significant for its "national debt" which acted, at least in early years, as a "national adhesive"

Question 77

Whiskey Rebellion

Answer 77

a protest by farmers over a tax on all liquor made and sold in the United States, while it was very quickly put down by Washington (whom called an army to put it down) this event stuck with the new government.

Question 78

Treaty of New York

Answer 78

the agreement that ended the Oconee War; the Creek Indians gave up all their land east of the Oconee River

Question 79

Harmar-St. Clair expeditions

Answer 79

leaders of armies defeated by Little Turtle in 1790 and 1791

Question 80

Little Turtle

Answer 80

war chief of the Miamis who gave notice that the Ohio River was the US' NW, his SE border; defeated armies led by Generals Josiah Harmar and Arthur St. Clair

Question 81

Handsome Lake

Answer 81

In 1799 Angelic figures in traditional Iroquois garb appeared to Handsome Lake and said that if the Iroquois did not mend their immoral ways then they would die out. He worked to revive old Iroquois customs and affirm family values, as well as forsake alcohol. He died in 1815, but his teachings live on in the form of the longhousw religion.

Question 82

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Answer 82

Post-revolution war, British instigate Native American attacks, but "Mad" Anthony Wayne defeats them in Ohio Valley and gets the Greenville treaty, which cedes Native American land in Ohio Valley to U.S.

Question 83

Jay's Treaty

Answer 83

agreement negotiated by John Jay in 1994, it worked out tensions between britain and the US over the western frontier trade in the caribbean, british seizure of US ships, and debts owed to british merchants. Its significance to history was its creation of tensions between political parties

Question 84

Proclamation of Neutrality

Answer 84

April 22, 1793 by president Washington. He wanted the U.S. to stay neutral within the war between Britain and France.

Question 85

Genet Affair

Answer 85

A French representative who attempted to contradict the Neutrality Proclamation by organizing armies to attack British and Spanish territories. Washington ejected him from the country when he became too bold in his recruiting, threatened govt. authority

Question 86

Federalists and Republicans

Answer 86

Feds: Alexander Hamilton, Federalists loose interpretation of the Constitution Reps: Led by Thomas Jefferson, strict interpretation of the Constitution

Question 87

Washington's Farewell Address

Answer 87

Speech at the end of second term in which Washington warned Americans, to avoid foreign entanglements and avoid creating different political parties

Question 88

Election of 1796

Answer 88

The first real contested presidential election. Federalists support John Adams, Republicans support Thomas Jefferson. Adams wins, Jefferson becomes V.P.

Question 89

XYZ Affair

Answer 89

affair in which US officials attempting to negotiate with france were asked a large sum of money in return for a meeting with french officials.

Question 90

Quasi-War

Answer 90

undeclared war fought almost entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800

Question 91

Alien and Sedition Acts

Answer 91

Extends period of habitation needed for citizenship; outlaws speaking against the govt.

Question 92

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Answer 92

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Question 93

nullification

Answer 93

the idea that states can "nullify", or not comply with federal laws that they find unconstitutional

Question 94

Election of 1800

Answer 94

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.

Question 95

Gabriel's Rebellion

Answer 95

1800, A literate black slave that lived in the Richmond area launched a large scale slave revolt. Governor Monroe quickly crushed the rebellion. Result was slaves could no longer congregate on Sundays without supervision

Question 96

Haiti (Saint Domingue) revolt

Answer 96

First successful slave revolt; led to more slave revolts because of hope of success now that there was an example; hurt France financially; gave Haiti freedom, spread fear of slave rebellion, first free slave nation in the western hemisphere, ended Napoleon's dream of an American empire which led to him selling the Louisiana land to the Americans