Unit 5 Vocab

Question 1

paternalism

Answer 1

the idea that the head of the family should be a father to all of the slaves as well

Question 2

slave codes

Answer 2

Laws that were passed in the South to control the lives of enslaved African Americans and deny them basic rights. Prohibited slaves from marrying, learning to read and write, and leave their master’s property without a pass.

Question 3

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Answer 3

August of 1831 in Southampton, Virginia, Nat Turner staged a bloody revolt against his masters. Him and 60 other slaves killed 55 white men, women, and children.

Question 4

abolition movement (William Lloyd Garrison)

Answer 4

immediate, uncompensated, citizenship for blacks. Led by William Lloyd Garrsion and his black newsletter the Liberator.

Question 5

Fredrick Douglas

Answer 5

Influential writer. one of the most prominent African American figures in the abolitionist movement. escaped from slavery in Maryland. he was a great thinker and speaker. published his own antislavery newspaper called the north star and wrote an autobiography that was published in 1845.

Question 6

American Colonization Society

Answer 6

The gradual, compensated emancipation and deportation of slaves back to Africa

Question 7

George Fitzhugh

Answer 7

an social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. He argued that “the negro is but a grown up child” who needs the economic and social protections of slavery

Question 8

“positive good”

Answer 8

in the south, george fizhugh established the philosophy that slavery was “_________.” it was believed that slavery benefited slaves by providing them with food, shelter, and often christian religion. also, fitzhugh argued that free laborers in northern factories were not treated any better than slaves.

Question 9

Underground Railroad

Answer 9

A network of abolitionists that secretly helped slaves escape to freedom by setting up hiding places and routes to the North. Harriet Tubman is a key person to its success.

Question 10

Manifest Destiny

Answer 10

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from “sea to sea,” from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

Question 11

John O’Sullivan

Answer 11

Influential Democratic editor who coined the phrase “manifest destiny” and justified the American claims to new territory. “…is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experimenter of liberty and federation self government entrusted to us.”

Question 12

Texas Revolution

Answer 12

War between Texas settlers and Mexico from 1835-1836 resulting in the formation of the Republic of Texas

Question 13

Republic of Texas

Answer 13

Also known as the “Lone Star Republic,” was an independent sovereignty in North American from 1836 to 1846 as a result of the Texan Revolution. The Annexation of Texas would later be a major factor of the Mexican-American War.

Question 14

John Tyler

Answer 14

The tenth president of the US who proposed Texas’ admission to the Union after James Polk’s election. He signed the Texan Annexation three days before leaving office.

Question 15

Pakenham Letter

Answer 15

In 1846, they negotiated the dispute of the Oregon boundaries, stemming from the Treaty of 1818 in which both U.S. and British settlers were granted free navigation of the territory.

Question 16

Annexation of Texas

Answer 16

Texas decides to secede from Mexico and attempts to declare its independence which eventually leads to our adoption of the land as a state although it was feared that it would cause conflict with Mexico leading to war. Southern states in support of this as Texas brought slaves with it meaning it would increase agricultural profits

Question 17

Commodore Matthew Perry

Answer 17

U.S. Navy Commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the world.

Question 18

James K. Polk

Answer 18

11th president of the United States
Dark horse candidate, huge proponent of manifest destiny
Democrat

Question 19

“54”40’ or fight!”

Answer 19

slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40’) was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk.

Question 20

Oregon Treaty

Answer 20

1846 between England and the US- signed in DC. Treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling US and British claims to the Oregon country. Negotiated by Buchanan who at the time was secretary of state. Set at 49th parallel exception of Vancouver Island. Washington territory formed from it in 1853.

Question 21

Matamoros

Answer 21

Polk ordered Taylor to occupy land across the Rio Grande from this Mexican town

Question 22

Mexican-American War

Answer 22

Fought between 1846 and 1848, fought over Texas, but added a bunch of land to the US

Question 23

“spot resolution”

Answer 23

offered in House of Representative by Abraham Lincoln (Whig) requested Polk to provide congress with the exact location “the spot” upon which blood was spilt on American soil, as Polk had claimed in 1846 when asking congress to declare war on Mexico.

Question 24

“civil disobedience”

Answer 24

a group’s refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination)

Question 25

John C. Fremount-California

Answer 25

Republican, "Pathfinder of the West", "Kansas-less", Against extension of slavery in territories. an american military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the republican party for the office of president of the united states, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

Question 26

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Answer 26

(1848) Ended Mexican-American War; Mexico gave up all claims to land from Texas to California for $15 million

Question 27

Wilmot Proviso

Answer 27

Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico

Question 28

1850 Compromise

Answer 28

Series of 5 congressional statutes, temporarily claimed the sectional crisis; Made California a free state, ended slave trade in D.C. strengthened fugitive slave law

Question 29

Free Soil Party

Answer 29

(1848) 3rd Party opposed all slavery and nominated Van Buren; most eventually became Republicans

Question 30

"higher law" speech

Answer 30

In the congressional debate of 1850 William H. Seward, a senator from NY and a strong antislavery, argued that christian legislators must obey God's moral law. He appealed to excluding slavery in the territories to an even "higher law" than that of the Constitution.

Question 31

Fugitive Slave Act

Answer 31

came from the Compromise of 1850; paid federal commissioners were appointed and given authority to issue warrants, gather, posses and force citizens to help catch runaway slaves; the slaves could not testify inthier own behalf, "Man-Stealing Law". shocked moderates into being antislaveryites

Question 32

popular sovereignty

Answer 32

when the people who lived in the territory voted on wheither or not there would be slavery in that colony

Question 33

Stephen Douglas

Answer 33

Senator from Illinois, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine, argues in favor of popular sovereignty

Question 34

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Answer 34

This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were pro-slavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.

Question 35

Republican Party

Answer 35

began in the 1850s, dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories, but they championed a wider range of issues, including the further development of national roads, more liberal land distribution in the West, and increased protective tariffs. Comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers

Question 36

"free labor" ideology

Answer 36

the northern belief that slavery was dangerous not because of its effect on blacks, but because of what it threatened to do to whites, they argued that at the heart of American democracy was the right of all citizens to own property, to control their own labor, and to have access to opportunities for advancement.

Question 37

Ostend Manifesto

Answer 37

was a secret document written in 1854 by U.S. diplomats at Ostend, Belgium, describing a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain. The document declared that "Cuba is as necessary to the North American republic as any of its present members, and that it belongs naturally to that great family of states of which the Union is the Providential Nursery."

Question 38

filibustering

Answer 38

This is an attempt to obstruct a particular decision from being taken by using up the time available, typically through an extremely long speech. This would prevent the "opposing" party to pass an unfavorable law and ultimately force a compromise.

Question 39

Know-Nothings

Answer 39

a former political party active in the 1850s to keep power out of the hands of immigrants and Roman Catholics (called nativists)

Question 40

"Bleeding Kansas"

Answer 40

sometimes referred to in history as Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a sequence of violent events involving Free-Staters (anti-slavery) and pro-slavery "Border Ruffians" elements that took place in Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri between roughly 1854 and 1858 attempting to influence whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free or slave state. The term "Bleeding Kansas" was coined by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune. The events in Bleeding Kansas directly presaged the American Civil War.

Question 41

Lecompton Constitution

Answer 41

part of the compromise that Congress approved on 1858, meant that the Lecompton Constitution would be submitted to the voters of Kansas again, if it was approved hen Kansas would be admitted to the union, but if it was rejected, which it was, state hood would be postponed. Not until the closing months of Buchanan's administration in 1861 did Kansas enter the Union as a free state. (attempt to make Kansas a slave state, failed)

Question 42

Abraham Lincoln

Answer 42

Republicans chose him to run against Senator Douglas (a Democrat) in the senatorial elections of 1858. Although he loss victory to senatorship that year, Lincoln came to be one of the most prominent northern politicians and emerged as a Republican nominee for president. Although he won the presidential elections of 1860, he was a minority and sectional president (he was not allowed on the ballot in ten southern states).

Question 43

Lincoln-Douglas debates

Answer 43

were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, a Republican, and Stephen A. Douglas, a Democrat, for an Illinois seat in the United States Senate. At the time, U.S. Senators were elected by state legislatures; thus Lincoln and Douglas were campaigning for their respective parties to win control of the legislature. The debates presaged the issues that Lincoln faced in the 1860 Presidential campaign and are remembered partially for the eloquence of both sides. The main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery. The debates attracted enormous crowds and received wide attention.

Question 44

Freeport Doctrine

Answer 44

Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory (where it was legal) could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. Stated by Stephen Douglass during the Lincoln-Douglass debates, eventually led to his loss in the 1860 presidential election

Question 45

Hinton Helper

Answer 45

book entitled 'Impending Crisis of the South' that stirred trouble. Attempted to prove that indirectly the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery; the book was banned in the South but countless copies were distributed as campaign material for republicans

Question 46

Dred Scott case

Answer 46

Scott was a black slave who had lived with his master for five years in Illinois and Wisconsin territory. He sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory. The Dred Scott court decision was handed down by the Supreme Court on March 6,1857. The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen. Hence, he could not sue in a federal court.

Question 47

John Brown; Harpers Ferry

Answer 47

Occurred in October of 1859. John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist cause.

Question 48

Election of 1960

Answer 48

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Question 49

Crittenden Compromise

Answer 49

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Question 50

Jefferson Davis

Answer 50

President of the Confederate States of America

Question 51

Confederate States of America

Answer 51

a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

Question 52

"cornerstone" speech

Answer 52

a speech delivered by Confederate Vice President, Alexander Stephens in Savannah, Georgia on March 21, 1861. It laid out the Confederate causes for the American Civil War, and defended slavery.

Question 53

Fort Sumter

Answer 53

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Question 54

Anaconda Plan

Answer 54

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Question 55

Antietam

Answer 55

Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties. Major turning point

Question 56

Gettysburg

Answer 56

a large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. The war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.

Question 57

Wilderness

Answer 57

The Wilderness Campaign was Grant's all out offensive against Lee. Grant went at Lee in Virginia with about 100,000 men, and fought ferociously. He suffered about 50% casualties, but so did Lee.

Question 58

Vicksburg

Answer 58

Was an important fort situated on the Mississippi. It controlled Cattle and other supplies needed by the Confederacy.

Question 59

contraband

Answer 59

goods whose importation or exportation or possession is prohibited by law

Question 60

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 60

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Question 61

habeas corpus

Answer 61

a court order that requires police to bring a prisoner to court to explain why they are holding the person

Question 62

"copperheads"

Answer 62

Most extreme portion of the Peace Democrats. They openly obstructed the war through attacks against the draft, against Lincoln, and the emancipation. Based in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. There was really no victory for this group.

Question 63

NYC draft riots

Answer 63

July 1863, north, just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs. The riot lynched several African Americans and burned down black homes, businesses, and even an orphanage. It was the bloodiest riot in American history. Only the arrival of the federal troops halted the violence

Question 64

"greenbacks"

Answer 64

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

Question 65

"twenty slave" rule

Answer 65

Confederate conscription law that exempted from the draft one white man on every plantation owning 20 or more slaves. Purpose was to overseers or ownerswho would ensure discipline over the slaves and keep up production but was regarded as discrimination in non-slaveholding families

Question 66

13th amendment

Answer 66

This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States

Question 67

14th amendment

Answer 67

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts, This amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels.

Question 68

15th amandment

Answer 68

Ratified 1870. One of the "Reconstruction Amendments". Provided that no government in the United States shall prevent a citizen from voting based on the citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude, gave blacks the right to vote, women outraged cause they did not get the right to vote

Question 69

"ten-percent" plan

Answer 69

It was a reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be erection of a state gov. and then purified regime. (Lincoln)

Question 70

Wade-Davis Bill

Answer 70

1864, radical reconstruction, Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned, majority of whites to swear loyalty, no former confed volunteer could hold office or vote

Question 71

reconstruction

Answer 71

(1865-1877) Period after the Civil War during which Northern political leaders created plans for the governance of the South and a procedure for former Southern states to rejoin the Union; Southern resentment of this era lasted well into the twentieth century.

Question 72

Freedmen's Bureau

Answer 72

It was to be a welfare agency. It provided food, clothes, and education to freedman and to white refuge. Union General, Oliver O. Howard founded the program. Taught 200,000 blacks to read, expired in 1872, president johnson and the south was against it

Question 73

"black codes"

Answer 73

To keep African-Americans from their inalienable rights. They deprived blacks of life, liberty or property without due process of law. In 1866, a small group of leaders in the Radical Republican Party got Congress to pass a Civil Rights Act which eliminated it., Laws passed on the state and local level mainly in the rural Southern states in the United States to limit the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. dependent position, cheap labor

Question 74

"Sea Island" experiment

Answer 74

in the sea island the slaves owner fled and the slaves were left to do as they pleased. they got rid of all cotton products and enjoyed freedom. the northern came back and then tried to give the slaves pay for picking cotten

Question 75

Andrew Johnson

Answer 75

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Question 76

Presidential Reconstruction

Answer 76

In December 1863 Lincoln introduced the first Reconstruction scheme, the Ten Percent Plan, thus beginning the period known as Presidential Reconstruction. The plan decreed that when one-tenth of a state's prewar voters had taken an oath of loyalty to the U.S. Constitution, its citizens could elect a new state government and apply for readmission to the Union. In addition, Lincoln promised to pardon all but a few high-ranking Confederates if they would take this oath and accept abolition. The plan also required that states amend their constitutions to abolish slavery. Conspicuous in this plan was the stipulation that only whites could vote or hold office.

Question 77

"Radical" Republicans

Answer 77

Congressional group that wished to punish the South for its secession from the Union; pushed for measures that gave economic and political rights to newly freed blacks in the South and that made it difficult for former Confederate states to rejoin the Union.

Question 78

Thaddeus Stevens

Answer 78

Man behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery. Stevens and President Johnson were absolutely opposed to each other. Known as a Radical Republican, harsh punishments to the south, wanted racial equality, , uncompromising Radical Republican who wanted to revolutionize the South by giving equality to blacks; a leader in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, he hoped for widespread land distribution to former slaves, lawyer, can't be bribed/tempted, refused to sign the Penn. constitution b/c only gave vote to white men

Question 79

impeachment

Answer 79

charge (the holder of a public office) with misconduct.

Question 80

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Answer 80

The ___________ divided the Confederate states except Tennessee into five military districts. Military commanders in the districts were appointed to oversee constitutional conventions in the districts and the creation of state constitutions. This military occupation would last until the states created new constitutions that included black suffrage, the permanent disfranchisement of Confederate leaders, and ratification of the 14th Amendment.

Question 81

carpetbaggers

Answer 81

A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.

Question 82

"Liberal Republicans"

Answer 82

- Formed in response to the corruption of the US government as well as in opposition to military reconstruction. - Along with the Democratic Party, they chose Horace Greeley as their presidential candidate.

Question 83

Colfax Massacre

Answer 83

Colfax Massacre the bloodiest episode of the Ku Klux Klan; Klan members murdered nearly 100 African-Americans in Louisiana, on Easter Sunday 1873; blacks had taken up positions around the city's courthouse to protect Republican officers threatened by conservative whites seeking to reclaim the state by force; a white mob attacked the black defenders and not until President Grant ordered federal troops to the area was peace restored

Question 84

"Redeemers"

Answer 84

they claimed that the Republican Party favored centralized power and special privilege rather than local rule and individual rights; most of all, people were attracted to this group because of the South's social and cultural foundation of racism and white supremacy

Question 85

Election of 1876

Answer 85

Rutherford B. Hayes - liberal Republican, Civil War general, he received only 165 electoral votes. Samuel J. Tilden - Democrat, received 264,000 more popular votes that Hayes, and 184 of the 185 electoral votes needed to win. 20 electoral votes were disputed, and an electoral commission decided that Hayes was the winner - fraud was suspected.

Question 86

Compromise of 1877

Answer 86

- After an electoral vote controversy between Democrats and Republicans, Hayes (Republican) was given the presidency on the terms that he would officially remove troops from the South and effectively end Reconstruction. - Through this compromise, The Republican party contradicted its equality ideals.