Unit 3 Vocabulary

Question 1

The shared beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies of a society:

Answer 1

Culture

Question 2

Visible and invisible attributes that combine to make up a group’s culture:

Answer 2

Cultural Traits

Question 3

Visible, physical, objects created by a culture:

Answer 3

Artifacts

Question 4

The ways in which a society behaves and organizes institutions:

Answer 4

Sociofacts

Question 5

Ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge of a culture:

Answer 5

Mentifacts

Question 6

Small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are isolated and unlikely to change:

Answer 6

Traditional/Local Culture

Question 7

Materials from the local, physical environment such as: Snow, mud, stone, bricks:

Answer 7

Traditional/Local Culture Architecture

Question 8

Type: Agricultural
Sense of Place:

Answer 8

Traditional/Local Culture Land-Use

Question 9

Large, heterogeneous groups of people, often living in urban areas that are interconnected through globalization and the internet/social media. Quick to change, time-space compression:

Answer 9

Popular/Global Culture

Question 10

Materials from factories and manufactured:

Answer 10

Popular/Global Culture Architecture

Question 11

Type: Urban and Suburban
Placelessness:

Answer 11

Popular/GLobal Culture Land-Use

Question 12

Agreed upon practices or standards that guide the behavior of a culture:

Answer 12

Cultural Norms

Question 13

Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture:

Answer 13

Cultural Taboos

Question 14

Judging other cultures in terms of one’s own standards and often includes the belief that one’s culture/ethnic group is better than other:

Answer 14

Ethnocentrism

Question 15

An unbiased way of viewing another culture, the goal of this is to promote understanding of cultural practices that are not typically part of one’s own culture. Leads to the view that no one culture is superior to another when compared:

Answer 15

Cultural Relativism

Question 16

A natural landscape that has been modified by humans reflecting their cultural beliefs and values:

Answer 16

Cultural Landscape

Question 17

The idea that societies or cultural groups leave their cultural imprints when they live in a place, each contributing to the overall cultural landscape over time. Most cultural landscapes are a mixture of historic and modern structures:

Answer 17

Sequent Occupancy

Question 18

Attitudes towards _____ and _____, including the:
Role of ____
______ spaces;
_____ neighborhoods

Answer 18

Ethnicity, gender
Women; gendered; ethnic

Question 19

A sense of belonging or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture. This is different from race which is based on physical characteristics:

Answer 19

Ethnicity

Question 20

People of the same ethnicity that cluster together in a specific location, typically within a major city:

Answer 20

Ethnic Neighborhoods/Enclaves

Question 21

There is oftentimes a predictable distribution of ethnicities that can be examined at multiple scales:

Answer 21

Ethnic Patterns

Question 22

In traditional cultures, oftentimes the primary role of a woman is to have children, NOT be active in education or the workforce:

Answer 22

The Role of Women

Question 23

As countries become more _________ and _______ ________, women have access to more ______, the _______, and _______ ______:

Answer 23

Economically; socially developed; education; workforce; property rights

Question 24

Places in the cultural landscape utilized to reinforce or accommodate gender roles for men and women:

Answer 24

Gendered Spaces

Question 25

Geographers study ____-____ ________ as seen on the cultural landscape which reflect the cultural ______ of the people living there:

Answer 25

Land-use patterns; values

Question 26

Practice of cutting flat areas out of mountainous terrain in order to make it arable:

Answer 26

Terrace Farming

Question 27

Influenced by the environment and built with available local materials. Reflective of history, culture, and climate:

Answer 27

Traditional Architecture

Question 28

Diverse designs, representative of popular culture, business, and economic success:

Answer 28

Postmodern Architecture

Question 29

Regional patterns of _____, ______, and ______ contribute to a sense of place, enhance _______ & shape the _____ _____ ____:

Answer 29

Language; religion; ethnicity; placemaking; global cultural landscape

Question 30

Areas of the world that share cultural traits such as language families, religious traditions, food preferences, architecture, and/or shared history:

Answer 30

Cultural Realm

Question 31

Language: English Religion: Christianity Shared History: European Settlement and Colonization Ethnicity: Indigenous, European, African, Hispanic

Answer 31

Anglo-American Cultural Realm

Question 32

Language: Spanish Religion: Roman Catholicism Shared History: Colonized by Europeans Ethnicity: Hispanic, Afro-Carribean/Latino, European, Indigenous

Answer 32

Latin American Cultural Realm

Question 33

Characteristics that unify a country and provide stability:

Answer 33

Centripetal Fores

Question 34

Characteristics that divide a country and create instability, conflict, and violence:

Answer 34

Centrifugal Forces

Question 35

The geographic origin of a culture or cultural trait. Traits first diffuse from here:

Answer 35

Cultural Hearth

Question 36

The movement of cultural traits, knowledge, ideas, trends from hearths to other geographic areas:

Answer 36

Diffusion

Question 37

Two types of diffusion:

Answer 37

Relocation and Expansion

Question 38

The spread of a cultural trait through the migration of people:

Answer 38

Relocation Diffusion

Question 39

The spread of a cultural trait through the interaction between people:

Answer 39

Expansion Diffusion

Question 40

A cultural trait spreads rapidly, widely, and continuously from its hearth through close contact between people:

Answer 40

Contagious Diffusion

Question 41

The spread of cultural traits from the most interconnected, powerful, wealthy people/organizations down to others:

Answer 41

Hierarchical Diffusion *Subtype of Expansion Diffusion*

Question 42

The spread of cultural traits from the least interconnected, wealthy, or powerful people/organizations outwards to others:

Answer 42

Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion *Subtype of Expansion Diffusion*

Question 43

As cultural traits spread they are altered/modified due to a cultural barrier, taboo, or difference:

Answer 43

Stimulus Diffusion *Subtype of Expansion Diffusion*

Question 44

The dominance of one country over another country through diplomacy or force:

Answer 44

Imperialism

Question 45

When a powerful country establishes settlements in a less powerful country for economic and/or political gain:

Answer 45

Colonialism

Question 46

Term to describe how in more modern times, imperialism can be pursued through the assertion of political, economic, and cultural influence rather than occupation:

Answer 46

Neocolonialism

Question 47

As European powers took over colonies they _____ their ____ and ____ on people. This interaction between people rested in new forms of _____ and ______ traits:

Answer 47

Imposed; language; religion; communication; cultural

Question 48

People interact in order to buy and sell goods - interaction results in the exchange of _______ and ______:

Answer 48

Culture and Ideas

Question 49

An extremely simplified, limited language used by two people that speak 2 different languages:

Answer 49

Pidgin Language

Question 50

A pidgin language that develops into a new combined language with native speakers. Frequently developed through settings of colonization or slavey:

Answer 50

Creole Language

Question 51

A common language used by speakers of two different languages for communication. Usually for business, trade, commerce, or popular culture:

Answer 51

Lingua Franca

Question 52

Variations in accent, grammar, usage and spelling and develop out of geographic distance or isolation:

Answer 52

Dialects

Question 53

Used by the government of a country for laws, reports, signs, public objects, money, and stamps. Can be centripetal or centrifugal force:

Answer 53

Official Language

Question 54

As cultural trait diffuses, the people who adopt it might alter it. Things change over distance and time:

Answer 54

Friction of Distance

Question 55

The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organization throughout the world without regard to borders or barriers:

Answer 55

Globalization

Question 56

The shrinking of the world due to improvements in communication and transportation technologies:

Answer 56

Time-space Compression/Convergence

Question 57

The process of two or more cultures coming into contact with each other and adopting each other's traits to become more alike:

Answer 57

Cultural Convergence

Question 58

What causes the extinction of languages and cultures? (3)

Answer 58

1. Genocide 2. Pressure of globalization and cultural convergence 3. Laws against the use of indigenous languages

Question 59

Cultures become LESS alike due to both cultural and physical barriers. The process of a culture restricting contact with other cultures in an attempt to retain its originality, separating/distinguishing from mainstream:

Answer 59

Cultural Divergence

Question 60

Largest group of related languages which are connected through a common, ancient ancestry and trace back to a common hearth:

Answer 60

Language Family

Question 61

Collection of languages that share a common origin from thousands of years ago. They were separated from other languages in their family and are now districted although related:

Answer 61

Language Branch

Question 62

Collection of languages that share a more recent past with similar vocabularies and some overlap:

Answer 62

Language Group

Question 63

A geographic boundary within which particular linguistic features occurs. Lines that divide dialects:

Answer 63

Isogloss

Question 64

The historic causes of cultural diffusion are (4):

Answer 64

1. Colonialism/Imperialism 2. Military Conquest 3. Trade 4. Migration

Question 65

Indo-European language first diffused from a hearth located in modern Russia/Ukraine around 1,000 BCE. The Kurgans, who were nomadic warriors, conquered their way through Europe and South Asia and spread language:

Answer 65

Kurgan Warrior Theory

Question 66

The adoption of the Indo-European language was facilitated through successful agricultural practices. As agriculture became more successful, surplus foods were available and the population began to increase. As population increased, people migrated out of the hearth and throughout the European and Asian continents:

Answer 66

Anatolian Farmer Theory

Question 67

Provides insights into the physical geography, the history, and the culture of a location/region:

Answer 67

Toponyms

Question 68

Spatial Distribution of Religion (3):

Answer 68

1. Hearths 2. Diffusion 3. Distribution

Question 69

Impact on the Cultural Landscape (4):

Answer 69

1. Architecture 2. Symbols 3. Pilgrimages and Holy Sites 4. Burial Practices

Question 70

-Widely diffused from the hearth through both expansion and relocation diffusion -Not confined to a specific location:

Answer 70

Universalizing Diffusion of Religion

Question 71

-Smaller diffusion and overall distribution from hearth -Tied to a specific location and/or ethnic group:

Answer 71

Ethnic Diffusion of Religion

Question 72

Small group of followers of Jesus traveled through the Mediterranean and spread Christianity:

Answer 72

Contagious Diffusion of Christianity

Question 73

Emperor Theodosius declared Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire:

Answer 73

Hierarchical Diffusion of Christianity

Question 74

Imperialism and colonization facilitated the spread of Christianity through a combination of missionary activity as well as colonizers from Europe that influenced rulers in Africa and Southeast Asia to convert their people:

Answer 74

Contagious, Hierarchical, and Relocation Diffusion of Christianity

Question 75

Muhammad directly taught people in the Arabian Peninsula and spread Islam:

Answer 75

Contagious Diffusion of Islam

Question 76

Muslim empires spread throughout South Asia into India and through North Africa through military conquest:

Answer 76

Hierarchical Diffusion of Islam

Question 77

Buddha traveled throughout the region and spread Buddhism. He is referred to as the Enlightened One and directly taught followers:

Answer 77

Contagious Diffusion of Buddhism

Question 78

Emperor Ashoka who ruled much of South Asia converted to Buddhism and spread throughout his empire:

Answer 78

Hierarchical Diffusion of Buddhism

Question 79

-Belief that the Ganges River was sacred -Diffusion is contained mostly to South Asia -Migration of Hindus from India can be seen in former British colonies and the US:

Answer 79

Relocation Diffusion of Hinduism

Question 80

-Abraham was a prophet and founded the religion -Large numbers of Jews were forced out of Israel during the roman Empire reign and forced into South and East Europe -Jews were forced to convert to Christianity, leave, or be killed during the Crusades:

Answer 80

Relocation Diffusion of Judaism

Question 81

Prolonged contact between 2+ cultures may result in _____which is when people within one culture adopt some traits from the other culture:

Answer 81

Acculturation

Question 82

Subtype of acculturation in which one culture abandons their original culture and adopts another:

Answer 82

Assimilation

Question 83

The acceptance and tolerance of many different cultures which exist in close proximity to one another. Openness, acceptance, diversity:

Answer 83

Multiculturalism

Question 84

When 2 culture's traits blend together and form a new cultural trait. This can happen through contact between people such as: Imperialism, military conquest, immigration, or intermarriage:

Answer 84

Syncretism