Unit 304 oral anatomy Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
The whole mouth is lined with what tissue?
A
epithelial mucosal tissue
2
Q
What is epithelial mucosal tissue a type of?
A
mucous membrane
3
Q
What are the 3 ypes of mucous membrane throughout the oral cavity?
A
- Lining membrane
-masticatory membrane
-specialised membrane
4
Q
Where is the buccal sulcus located + what is it?
A
space between the posterior teeth and the mucous membrane lining the cheeks.
5
Q
Where is the labial suclus located?
A
between the anterior teeth and lips
6
Q
What makes the frenum?
A
band of fibrous tissues
7
Q
When the band of fibrous tissues that makes the frenum is thicker what can it cause with the upper central incisors?
A
median diastema
8
Q
What is the purpose of the lining membrane?
A
physical barrier between anything entering the mouth and the deep structures of the oral cavity.
Acts as a cushion lubrication + cleansing
8
Q
Where is the lining membrane located and what does it look like?
A
inner surface of the cheeks and lips, floor of the mouth, underside of the tongue, soft palate
red + smooth and moist membrane
contains minor salivary glands
8
Q
Where is the masticatory membrane located and what does it look like?
A
Covers gingivae, topside and edges of the tongue, hard palate
red, moist membrane often ridged or stippled
Forms the MUCOPERIOSTEUM
9
Q
What is the purpose of the masticatory membrane?
A
hard wearing surface that prevents traumatic damage from food etc.
10
Q
Where is the specialised membrane located and what does it look like?
A
interspersed throughout the masticatory membrane covering of the topside and edges of the tongue
discrete, papillary structures of the taste buds, visible pattern over the tongue.
11
Q
What is the purpose of the specialised membrane?
A
provides taste sensation
12
Q
What is the soft palate?
A
a flap of soft tissue attached to the back of the hard palate.
13
Q
What is the soft palates function?
A
seal off the oral cavity from the nasal cavity during swallowing
14
Q
What is the uvula?
A
central prolongation
part of the soft palate
15
Q
What is the oropharynx?
A
back of the mouth - contains your tonsils
16
Q
What is the tongue?
A
a muscular organ situated in the oral cavity and extending behind into the throat
17
Q
What is the base of the tongue?
A
posterior 1/3 section
lies in the throat and attaches to the floor of the mouth
swallowing movements
18
Q
The correct word for swallowing:
A
deglutition
19
Q
What is the body of the tongue?
A
anterior 2/3
lie within the oral cavity and is relatively moveable
taste, chewing, speech
20
Q
What enables the tongue to attach to the floor of the mouth?
A
lingual frenum
21
Q
When there are access fibrous tissues of the lingual frenum, what may the patient face?
A
tongue tied - lisp is created
22
Q
What cranial nerve supplies the tongue?
A
12th cranial nerve
hypoglossal nerve
23
What is the bolus?
food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva
24
What is the function of swallowing?
Aims to direct the food bolus into the oesophagus while preventing it from entering the nasal cavity or larynx
25
What is glossitis?
Disorder of the tongue
Soreness/inflammation of the tongue and can occur in conditions such as anaemia, vitamin b deficiency and hormal disturbances.
Thin, smooth, glazed appearance
26
What is dysphagia?
Disorder of the tongue
difficulty in swallowing, that occurs frequently and has several causes.
Psychological, xerostomia, oesophagitis, cancers, central nervous system.
27
What does oesophagitis mean?
inflammation of the oesophagus, due to acid reflux
28
What are teeth?
anatomical structures within the oral cavity
29
How many sets of teeth do humans have?
2
deciduous
permanent
30
What does tooth morphology mean?
The shape of each tooth and its function
31
What tooth is not present in the primary dentition?
pre-molars
32
What is the crown of the tooth?
section of tooth visible in the oral cavity
33
What is the neck of the tooth?
where the tooth and gingival tissues are in contact with each other, when tooth emerges through the gum.
34
What is the root of the tooth?
the non-visible section that holds the tooth in its bony socket.
35
What is enamel?
Highly calcified protective outer covering of the crown, hardest substance in the body.
96% mineral crystals that are arranged as prisms in the organic matrix called interprismatic substance.
36
What are the mineral crystals called that make up enamel?
calcium hydroxyapatite
37
The junction that lies between the enamel and dentine is called?
the amelodentinal junction ADJ
38
How is enamel formed prior eruption?
ameloblast cells
39
What is dentine?
tissue forms the main bulk of a tooth and occupies the interior of the crown and root.
80% mineral crystals
Composed of hollow tubes
40
Where do odontoblast cells lie after tooth eruption?
inner edge of the pulp chamber
41
The hollow tubes in dentine contain sensory nerve endings called..
fibrils - run from the nerve tissue within the pulp chamber
42
What is cementum?
calcified protective outer covering of the root and is similar in structure to bone.
65% mineralised with calcium hydroxypatite crystals
formed by cells called cementoblasts
43
What is the point called where the cementum and the root dentine are in contact with each other?
dentinocemental junction
44
does the cementum contain any nerves or blood vessels?
NO
45
Does the pulp contain any mineral cystals?
No
46
What is the pulp composed of?
soft tissue
47
Where is the coronal pulp located?
crown
48
where is the radicular pulp located?
each root
49
What is the radicular pulp usually called?
root canal of the tooth
50
The sensory nerves in the pulp are part of what cranial nerve?
5th
trigeminal nerve
51
Where do the pulp tissues pass through to enter the tooth?
apical foramen
52
The pulp chamber is lined by what?
odontoblast cells
53
What can the pulp chamber become blocked by?
Pulp stones - formed by lumps of calcium containing crystals
54
How can we tell which tooth a tooth is?
shape, size, number of cusps, number of roots.
55
What does curvature of the root help to identify?
whether a tooth is from the left or right side of the dental arch
56
What is the correct name for the natural loss of deciduous teeth?
exfoliation
57
How many teeth are in a set of deciduous teeth?
20
58
Deciduous roots are described as...
divergent
59
Do deciduous teeth have a larger pulp chamber than permanent?
yes
60
What makes deciduous teeth more prone to developing dental caries?
thinner enamel
61
When do deciduous teeth begin erupting and finish?
6 months
29 months
62
How many roots do deciduous upper molars have?
3
63
How many roots do deciduous lower molars have
2
64
How many teeth are in a set of permanent teeth?
32
65
what is the difference between permanent and deciduous teeth?
permanent teeth are larger in size and darker - smaller pulp chamber
66
When the deciduous molar teeth fall out what are they replaced with?
pre-molar teeth
67
When do permanent teeth begin erupting and when do they usually finish?
6 years old - 13 years old except for 3rd molars
68
When do the third molars begin to erupt?
18-25 years old
69
Upper molar- 3 roots arranged as a tripod and the canals are called:
palatal, mesiobuccal, distobuccal
70
Lower molar- 2 roots and the canals are called:
mesial and distal
71
Upper first pre-molar - 2 roots, and the canals are called:
buccal and palatal
72
After a permanent tooth has erupted how long does it take for root growth to be complete and the apex to close?
3 years
73
Labial surface:
adjacent to lips, relates to incisor and canine teeth both arches
74
Buccal surface:
adjacent to the buccinator muscle of the cheeks, both arches pre-molars and molars
75
Palatal surface:
adjacent to the palate, applies to upper teeth
76
Lingual surface:
adjacent to the tongue, applies to lower teeth
77
mesial surface:
mesial = forward (midline)
78
distal surface:
distal = backwards (furthest from the midline)
79
contact point:
mesial and distal surfaces are in contact with each other
80
incisal surface:
biting edge of anterior tooth - incisors (not canines have a cusp not an edge) both arches
81
occlusal surface:
biting surface of posterior teeth, both arches pre-molars, molars
82
Cervical surface:
the neck region of any tooth, buccal, labial, palatal, lingual surface
83
in the primary dentition there are how many teeth in each quadrant of the mouth?
5
84
in the secondary dentition there are how many teeth in each quadrant of the mouth?
8
85
Central incisors
chisel shaped
1 root
U1 is the largest of all incisors
palatal or lingual surface has a raised area called the cingulum
86
what tooth is the smallest?
lower central incisor
87
What are the functions of central incisors?
- cut food
-assist tongue and lips
88
Lateral incisors
narrow chisel shaped
1 root
- peg laterals
89
What tooth can sometimes have a second (lingual) root canal if the root has split into two?
Lower lateral incisor
90
Canine
corner of each dental quadrant
1 root
root apex sometimes curved
91
what tooth is the longest?
canine
92
what are the functions of a canine?
pierce food/tear, support oral soft tissues, provide guidance for normal occlusion
93
First pre-molar
permanent successors to the deciduous first molars
occlusal surface 2 cusps buccally n palataly or buccally n lingually
mesial and distal edges are raised into "marginal ridges"
Upper 2 roots
Lower 1 root
94
Which teeth are usually extracted for orthodontic reasons?
Pre-molars
95
What is the canine fossa?
concarvity between the roots mesially
96
Functions of a first pre-molar:
assist canine to pierce and tear food - cusps
assist molars to grind food - occlusal surface
maintain shape of mouth
97
Second pre-molar
Occlusal surface 2 cusps buccally n palataly (upper) or buccally n lingually(lower)
Upper slightly SMALLER than first premolar, lower slightly LARGER
1 ROOT - apex sometimes curves distally
98
With a upper second pre-molar what area can they lie close to?
floor of the maxillary antrum
99
First molar
upper cusps = 4 (2 buccally n 2 palatally)
Lower cusps = 5 (3 buccal n 2 lingual)
CUSP OF CARABELLI Upper first molar
Upper 3 roots
Lower 2 roots
100
Where is the cusp of carabelli?
Upper first molar
101
What is the furcation area?
Junction of the roots beneath the crown
102
Function of the first molar:
grind and masticate food chunks so that they can be swallowed.
103
In regards to upper first molars where can there root apices lie close to or penetrate?
floor of the maxillary antrum
104
Second molar
Crown of upper and lower is smaller than first molar
upper and lower = 4 cusps 2 buccal 2 palatal/lingual
Upper 3 roots
Lower 2 roots
Same function as first molar
105
Third molar
Referred to as wisdom teeth - not always present
3-4 cusps with marginal ridges present
Upper 3 roots
Lower 2 roots
106
Where is the midline?
mesial edges of upper and lower central incisors form one straight vertical line.
107
Supporting structures of the teeth are called...
periodontium
108
Alveolar bone
specialised bone found only in the JAWS
support the teeth
individual socket for each tooth
109
What is the inner layer of bone called within the alveolar bone?
compact bone
110
What is the outer layer of bone called within the alveolar bone?
compound bone
111
What is the outer surface of bone called within the alveolar bone?
lamina dura
112
What colour does the lamina dura show up on an xray?
white lining
113
What is alveolar mucosa?
covers the outer surface of alevolar bone that forms the gingivae around the necks of teeth.
114
Gingiva is the anatomical term for what?
gums
115
What is gingiva?
continuous layer of specialised epithelium found only in the oral cavity, is firmly attached to the underlying alveolar bone as a mucoperiosteal layer.
116
Attached gingiva:
covering the majority of the alveolar process, firmly attached to the underlying bone as the mucoperiosteum
117
Marginal gingiva:
forming the gingival margin of the teeth
free from the underlying bone and follows the shape of each toop and extends between teeth in contact areas = free gingival groove
118
Junctional tissues:
specialised gingival tissue lying within the gingival crevice and forms the anatomical junction between teeth and the oral epithelium the point is called= junctional attachment and the tissues are called = junctional epithelium
119
The junctional attachment within the gingiva is the area where what diseases develop?
periodontal disease and tooth loss
120
what part of the gingiva provides a mechanical barrier between the oral cavity and the deeper periodontal tissues, preventing micro-organisms from gaining entry and causing disease?
Junctional attachment
121
What does the gingival crevice exist as?
shallow space of less than 3mm between the tooth surface and the gingival margin
122
What is the interdental papilla?
gingival tissue that occurs between each tooth
123
What is the correct term when gingiva overgrows due to medication etc?
Hyperplastic
124
What is the periodontal ligament?
specialised fibrous tissues which attach the teeth to the alveolar bone and surrounding gingivae.
- acts as a shock absorber to teeth during chewing
125
Fibres in the periodontal ligament are made up of what?
protein - collagen
126
Alveolar crest fibres:
run from the alveolar bone crest to the cementum
prevent tooth movements in and out of the socket
tilting and rotation
127
Horizontal fibres:
horizontally from the alveolar bone to the cementum, below the crest fibres
tilting and rotation
128
oblique fibres:
an angle from the alveolar bone down to the cementum
intrusion and rotation of the tooth
129
Apical fibres:
at the root apex and run between the bone and cementum
extrusion and rotation of tooth
130
transseptal fibres:
between cementum of adjacent teeth through the interdental region
maintain gingival attachments between the teeth and their positions
131
free gingival fibres:
cervical cementum into the gingival papillae
maintain gingival cuff around each tooth
132
What is proprioception?
the ability of the tooth to detect and transmit sensations (pressure, pain, touch, temperature etc)
133
What is the main function of the salivary glands?
to produce saliva
134
what are exocrine glands?
salivary glands in the oral cavity
135
what are endocrine glands?
structures elsewhere in the body
secretions pass directly into the adjacent blood vessels
136
What are ducts?
transport saliva to the oral cavity
tube-like structures
137
Parotid gland:
located between the ramus of the mandible and the area and deep to the muscles in that area.
138
Which gland is affected by the viral infection Mumps (paramyxovirus)?
parotid gland
139
Which duct is connected to the parotid gland?
stenson duct
140
which cranial nerve is the parotid gland associated with?
glossopharyngeal 9TH
141
which salivary gland is most commonly associated with benign and malignant tumours?
parotid gland
142
submandibular gland:
located in the posterior area of the floor of the mouth beneath the mylohyoid muscle
143
Which duct is connected to the submandibular gland?
wharton duct
144
which salivary duct is the longest and most likely to become blocked by salivary stones?
wharton duct - submandibular gland
145
which cranial nerve is linked with the submandibular gland?
facial nerve - 7th
146
What is the correct word for salivary stones?
calculi
147
sublingual gland:
located in the anterior area of the floor of the mouth above the mylohyoid muscle
148
which cranial nerve is linked with the sublingual gland?
facial nerve - 7th
149
What is the sublingual duct?
the duct of bartholine
several sublingual ducts
150
Mucous secretory cells:
produce a thick, mucus like secretion which aids lubrication in the oral cavity, contains minterals and enzymes
151
serous secretory cells:
produce a thin, serum like secretion containing antibodies and electrolytes
152
What are leucocytes?
white blood cells - fight against infection/disease
153
what is salivary amylase?
digestive enzyme that begins starch digestion before food is swallowed.
154
What are antibodies?
immunoglobulins (IgA)- fight infections
155
What kind of saliva will patients produce if they are high risk of caries?
water saliva with a low mineral content
156
What kind of saliva will patients produce if they are high risk of calculus development?
high mineral thick saliva
157
How is saliva slightly alkaline?
because of its electrolyte components
158
saliva keeps the PH at a neutral level of?
7
159
What is the reason behind xerostomia (dry mouth)?
decreased production of saliva
160
what are the 3 common causes of xerostomia?
irradiation - cancer treatment
medications - affect nerve supply to the salivary glands
sjogrens syndrome - rheumatoid arthritis, bodys defence system attacks itself and destroys its own glandular tissues
161
Reducation in saliva could have what consequences on the patient within dentistry?
caries, oral infections, oral soft tissue trauma, problems with speech, swallowing, chewing, poor taste sensation
162
What can help increase the salivary flow for patients with xerostomia other than changing medication?
salivary stimulants and artifical salivary sprays
plain water constantly
high fluoride toothpaste perscribed
163
What is ptyalism?
excessive salivation
system associated with an underlying disease rather than its own disorder.
164
What disorders can cause ptyalism?
periodontal disease
oral soft tissue injury/trauma
oesphagitis (acid reflux)
disorders that affect the nervous system such as parkinsons
165
What drug can be used during oral/maxillofacial surgery to reduce saliva flow and provide a clear dry operating field?
Atropine
