Unit 4 Flashcards by lily Ruter

Boom towns

Overnight towns built on mines

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Transcontinental railroad

Connected East factories to mines
- first line linked at Promontory Point by Union Pacific and Central Pacific owners consolidated lines to limit competition - Cornelius Vanderbilt famous
RR offered rebates to large farmers but small farmers suffered
- RR unofficially merged by forming pools to limit competition

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Homestead Act

Homestead Act. The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property. This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War facing arid conditions in the West, however, many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.

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1851 fort Laramie treaty

Promised land to Indians but was later broken

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1876 battle of little big horn

Native Americans vs Whites
Custer is defeated by Sioux

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1881 a century of dishonor

Book by Helen Hunt Jackson making public aware of the treatment of Native Americans

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1887 Dawes act

Offered citizenship to native Americans gave 160 acres to family for 25 years and citizenship of ship attempt to Americanized the Indians failed

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Bessemer invention

Process to produce steel

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Bell invention

Telephone

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Edison invention

Light bulb
Transformer
Phonograph

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Ford invention

Automobile
Assembly line

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Deere invention

Steel plow

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Corporations

New business organizations offering stock as ownership
-replaces sole proprietorships
-consolidated into official mergers calls trusts

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Horizontal merger

2 companies with similar products
Ex. Rockefeller standard oil

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Vertical merger

2 companies with helping product lines
Ex. Carnegies carnegies steel

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Conglomerate merger

2 companies with no similarity
Ex. Morgan’s U.S. steel

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Robber Barons

Owners of merged companies

Monopolies

When a business owns all of their competition and their business, because they were able to buy out competitors
Created the Sherman Antitrust Act

Immigration conflicts

Immigrants live in ethnic neighborhoods which leads to racism
Americans protest new immigrants jobs, ethnic neighborhoods, overcrowding (tenements)

Chinese exclusion act

No new Chinese immigrants

American protective Association

Protests immigration

Hull house

Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr founded Hull-House to offer social services to the community.
Some of those services included legal aid, an employment office, childcare, and training in crafting and domestic skills.

Laissez faire

Government avoids, interfering in business affairs
Owners argue that the role of the government is not to interfere but your support businesses
Social Darwinism-only the strongest businesses should survive

Socialism

government ownership of businesses
many workers and small farmers want the gov’t to take over the RR and factories to protect the public

Capitalism

Capitalism - private ownership of businesses with limited gov't regulation - gov't slowly begins to play a role in business affairs - Sherman Antitrust Act first example

Problems of Industrialization for the common Americans

- Political Corruption, Tenements, City Life, Factory Conditions, Hygiene, Railroads, Monopolies

Craft unions

Early organization of skilled workers

Goals of labor unions

Better wages Better working conditions Job security

Tools in negotiations used by labor unions

Workers use strikes tickets and boycotts Management used, blacklist, injunction, scabs, and Pinkertons

Knights of labor

Terence Powderly was the leader Wanted eight hour workday to end child labor, and have better conditions Destroyed by the Haymarket riot nights, blamed for violence

AFL

Leader, Samuel Gompers Skilled workers only union Fought for collective-bargaining

3 types of negotiations

1) collective bargaining - union and management representatives negotiate 2) mediation - 3 party helps to reach a decision 3) arbitration- 3" party reaches a binding decision

Pullman strike

American railway union led by Eugene debs protest conditions at Pullman plant. Pullman gets in junction to break strike dead, breaks it and goes to jail, shutting down real lines across the country workers lose.

Triangle fire

Tragedy whereby workers locked in factory that catches fire

Homestead strike

Workers lose workers attack Pinkertons

Grange movement

Small farmers work together to gain discounts by forming cooperatives Successful and plains states controlling railroad rates

ICC

Controlled railroads by federal government

Oliver kelly

Farmer that organize the grange movement fight against railroads form, an organization that is made up of small, farmers and act as one (co-ops) socializing for farmers, who are isolated

Populist Party

workers and farmers, mainly farmers wanted railroad controls, coinage of silver, term limit on President, income tax, 8 hour day, better working conditions 1896 election Rep- McKinley Dem + Pop - Bryan McKinley wins but begins to adopt reforms - start of Progressive Movement Want to make change

Sherman Anti trust act

Prohibits unreasonable trade to ensure that businesses produce quality products, efficiently to benefit consumers and keep low cost

Morrill tarif

Increase of tariff that promotes industrialization