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AP Bio > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is cell division for

A

reproduction of cells, growth of cells, tissue repair

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2
Q

Condensed chromatin

A

Chromosomes

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3
Q

non condensed chromosomes

A

Chromatin

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4
Q

Genetic information is only in chromosome form during

A

Cell division

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5
Q

When does chromatin condense

A

After dna replication

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6
Q

Centromere definition??

A

Region on sister chromatids where they are most closely attached

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7
Q

Kinetochore definition??

A

Part in chromosome where the spindle fibers attach

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8
Q

What’s a genome?

A

All of a cells genetic information

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9
Q

How do prokaryotes have their dna

A

Singular circular dna

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10
Q

How do eukaryotes have their dna

A

One or more chromosomes

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11
Q

Humans have how many chromosomes?

A

46

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12
Q

Homologous chromosomes are?

A

Two chromosomes that are the same length, have same centromere position, and have genes controlling same characteristics

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13
Q

Order of cell cycle?

A

G1 -> S -> G2 -> Mitosis

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14
Q

G1, S, and G2 are all in

A

Interphase

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15
Q

What happens in G1

A

Cell grows and does normal things

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16
Q

What happens in S

A

DNA replicates

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17
Q

What happens in G2

A

Final growth, preparation for mitosis

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18
Q

Mitosis results in……

A

2 identical diploid daughter cells

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19
Q

Order of mitosis steps?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase & Cytokenesis

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20
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses, centrosomes appear

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21
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes go in middle, they’re connected to centrosomes

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22
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Chromosomes are pulled apart by centrosomes, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of cell

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23
Q

What happens in telophase and cytokenesis?

A

Two nuclei form, chromosomes uncondense

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24
Q

G1 Checkpoint

A

Most important checkpoint
Checks for cell size, growth factors, and DNA damage

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25
What happens if G1 checkpoint says stop?
Cell enters G0
26
G2 Checkpoint happenings
Completion of DNA replication checked DNA damage checked
27
What happens if G2 checkpoint says stop?
Cell cycle stops and the cell will try to repair damage, if it cant, the cell will undergo apoptosis
28
M Checkpoint happenings
Checks for microtubule attachment to chromosomes at metaphase
29
What happens if M checkpoint says stop?
Cell pauses mitosis to allow for spindle fibers to finish connecting to the chromosomes
30
Cell cycle is regulated by ?
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases CDKS
31
Cyclins are?
Only in the cell cycle at certain points Proteins
32
Cyclin-dependent kinases are?
Constant throughout cell cycle Enzymes Active only when it’s specific cyclin is present
33
Uncontrollable growth of cells =
Cancer
34
Metastasis?
When cells separate from cancerous tumors and go throughout the body
35
What are set points?
Values for various physiological conditions that the body tries to maintain
36
What is normal range?
The range a set point can fluctuate
37
What’s homeostasis?
The state of relatively stable internal conditions
38
How does the body maintain homeostasis?
Feedback loops
39
What’s a stimulus?
A variable that will cause a response
40
What’s a receptor?
Sensory organs that detect a stimulus
41
What’s an effector?
The muscle or gland that responds after messages are sent to brain
42
Negative feedback?
The goal is to stop the thing that started it. Ex: heat causes sweating, goal of sweating is to stop you from being hot
43
Positive feedback
The goal is to increase the thing that started it. Ex: child birthing, signals are sent to child birth harder
44
Disease is
When the body can’t maintain homeostasis
45
How do cells communicate?
Direct contact Local signaling Long-distance signaling
46
How are signals sent in direct contact?
Through cell junctions
47
Cell junctions in animal cells?
Gap junctions
48
Cell junctions in plant cells?
Plasmodesmata
49
Local signaling
One cell sends out some signal molecules, other cell picks them up Causes response in TARGET CELL
50
Kinds of local signaling?
Paracrine signaling Synaptic signaling
51
Paracrine signaling
Secretory cells release local regulators via exocytosis to an adjacent cell
52
Synaptic signaling
Neurons release neurotransmitters from axon terminals through exocytosis into a synaptic cleft, diffuse across synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the dendrite of another neuron
53
What do plants and animals use for long distance signaling?
Hormones
54
How do plants do long distance signaling?
Release hormones that travel in plant vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) or through the air to reach target tissues
55
How do animals do long distance signaling?
Endocrine signaling, cells release hormones into circulatory system (bloodstream) where they reach target cells
56
First step of cell signaling?
Reception: ligand binds to receptor and undergoes conformational change
57
Second stage of cell signaling?
Transduction: extracellular signal is converted into intracellular signal, usually also amplified
58
Third step of cell signaling
Response: cell process is altered
59
All receptors have?
An area that interacts with the ligand and an area that transmits signal to another protein
60
Binding between ligand and receptor is
Highly specific
61
When the ligand binds to receptor
Transduction signal initiates
62
Where can receptors be?
In the plasma membrane or intracellular
63
During transduction
Signal is amplified using second messengers
64
Signal transduction pathways can
Result in changes to gene expression Result in apoptosis
65
Mutations to receptor proteins cause
A change to the transduction of the signal
66
G protein coupled receptors are
Largest category of cell surface receptors
67
What happens in G protein coupled receptors?
Ligand binds to GCPR on extracellular side, cytoplasmic side changes shape, G protein binds to GPCR, G protein activates enzyme, signal amplified
68
Ion channels are
Located in plasma membrane Important in nervous system
69
What happens in ligand gated ion channels
Ligand binds to ion channel protein, it opens up, molecules go through, molecules activate enzyme, enzyme does transduction

AP Bio (6 decks)

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