Unit 5 Part 1

Question 1

What’s genetics

Answer 1

The study of heredity and heredity variation

Question 2

What’s heredity

Answer 2

The transmission of traits form one generation to the next

Question 3

What are genes

Answer 3

Segments of dna that code for basic units of heredity

Question 4

Asexual reproduction individuals

Answer 4

1 individual

Question 5

Asexual gametes?

Answer 5

No fusion of gametes

Question 6

Asexual makes:

Answer 6

clones of the parent, variation only happens through mutations

Question 7

Sexual reproduction individuals

Answer 7

2 individuals

Question 8

Sexual: offspring are

Answer 8

Unique and genetically varied

Question 9

Homologous chromosomes are?

Answer 9

Pair of chromosomes that are same size same length same centromere position

Question 10

What’s a karyotype

Answer 10

display of chromosome pairs ordered by size and length

Question 11

Diploid =

Answer 11

Two complete sets of each chromosome

Question 12

Haploid =

Answer 12

One set of chromosomes

Question 13

What’s a life cycle

Answer 13

Sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism from conception to its own reproduction

Question 14

What’s meiosis

Answer 14

Process that creates 4 haploid gamete cells

Question 15

Meiosis I: interphase

Answer 15

cell goes through G1, S, and G2

Question 16

Meiosis I: prophase

Answer 16

Synapsis: homologous chromosomes pair up and physically connect to each other forming a tetrad
Crossing over (recombination) occurs at the chiasmata and DNA is exchanged between the homologous pairs

Question 17

Metaphase I

Answer 17

Independent orientation: tetrads line up at the metaphase plate

Question 18

Anaphase I

Answer 18

Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate, sister chromosomes are still attached

Question 19

Telophase I and Cytokenesis

Answer 19

Nuclei and cytoplasm divide, there is now a haploid set of chromosomes in each daughter cell

Question 20

Prophase II

Answer 20

No crossing over, spindle forms

Question 21

Metaphase II

Answer 21

Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate, because of crossing over in meiosis I chromatids are unique

Question 22

Anaphase II

Answer 22

sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles

Question 23

How does meiosis lead to genetic variation?

Answer 23

Crossing over, independent assortment of chromosomes, random fertilization

Question 24

What is P generation

Answer 24

Parental generation, true-breeding

Question 25

F1 generation?

Answer 25

First filial, hybrid offspring of P generation

Question 26

F2 generation

Answer 26

Second filial, offspring of F1 generation

Question 27

Testcrosses are for??

Answer 27

Determine if the dominant trait is homozygous dominant or heterozygous

Question 28

Test crosses are between

Answer 28

Unknown parent and recessive parent

Question 29

Dominant to recessive ratio

Answer 29

3:1

Question 30

Alleles definition

Answer 30

Alternative versions of a gene

Question 31

The law of independent assortment

Answer 31

Genes for one trait are not inherited with genes of another trait

Question 32

What does the law of independent assortment NOT apply to

Answer 32

Linked traits

Question 33

Unique gamete formula=

Answer 33

2^n

Question 34

in 2^n, n is

Answer 34

The number of heterozygous pairs

Question 35

How to solve genetics problems

Answer 35

Write down symbols for alleles Write down genotypes given Write out cross as [genotype] x [genotype] Set up Punnett square

Question 36

Independent events =

Answer 36

Multiply! Ex: if you flip a coin twice what is the probability that it will land heads up both times

Question 37

Mutually exclusive events

Answer 37

Addition!!!!!!!!!!!! usually has word OR Ex: what is the chance of rolling a dice and it lands on a 1 or 6?

Question 38

Pedigrees: if a trait is dominant….

Answer 38

1 parent must have the trait Dominant traits do not skip a generation

Question 39

Pedigrees: if a trait is recessive…

Answer 39

It can be found in either sex but generally skips a generation

Question 40

Pedigrees: if a trait is X-linked…

Answer 40

Males are more commonly affected than females

Question 41

What are multiple alleles

Answer 41

Genes that exist in forms with more than two alleles

Question 42

What is epistasis

Answer 42

The phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus affects a gene at another locus

Question 43

Polygenic inheritance??

Answer 43

The effect of two or more genes acting on a single phenotype Ex: height, human skin color

Question 44

Fathers can pass x-linked alleles to lol of their daughters,

Answer 44

but none of their sons

Question 45

Mothers can pass x-linked alleles to

Answer 45

Both daughters and sons

Question 46

What’s hemizygous?

Answer 46

If an X-linked trait is due to a recessive allele, males only have one X and will express the trait if they inherit it from their mother

Question 47

What’s a Barr body?

Answer 47

Most of the X chromosome in each cell becomes inactive, inactive X in each cell of a female condenses into a Barr body

Question 48

Genetic recombination is?

Answer 48

Production of offspring with a new combination of genes from parents

Question 49

Parental types

Answer 49

Offspring with the parental phenotype

Question 50

Recombinants

Answer 50

Offspring with phenotypes that are different from the parents

Question 51

One map unit is

Answer 51

Equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency

Question 52

50% recombination means

Answer 52

The genes are far apart on the same chromosome or on two different chromosomes

Question 53

All mitochondrial dna is

Answer 53

Maternally inherited

Question 54

How to calculate degrees of freedom

Answer 54

Number of categories - 1

Question 55

Interpreting results and degrees of freedom chart

Answer 55

If X^2 > critical value: Theres a statistically significant difference between the actual and expected values