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Unit 6? Flashcards

1
Q

What are the purines

A

A and G

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2
Q

What are the pyrimidines

A

C and T

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3
Q

Are purines or pyrimidines wider

A

Purines

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4
Q

DNA strands run (direction)

A

Antiparallel

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5
Q

Where does the replication of chromosomal DNA begin

A

Origins of replication

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6
Q

What is at each end of a replication bubble

A

Replication fork

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7
Q

What untwists the double helix at the replication forks

A

Helicases

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8
Q

What keeps the DNA open in the replication bubble

A

Single-strand binding proteins

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9
Q

What breaks and rejoins dna strands during dna replication before the replication bubble

A

Topoisomerase

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10
Q

How does the Antiparallel arrangement of the double helix affect replication?

A

Because of their structure, DNA polymerases can add nucleotides only to the free 3’ end of a primer or growing DNA strand, never to the 5’ end

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11
Q

DNA strands can only elongate in the direction of

A

5’ -> 3’

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12
Q

What enzyme synthesizes new complementary strands

A

DNA polymerase III

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13
Q

What’s the DNA strand made by DNA polymerase called

A

The leading strand

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14
Q

What strand is synthesized discontinuously

A

Lagging strand

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15
Q

The lagging strand is made of little segments. What are the segments called?

A

Okazaki fragments

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16
Q

Three stages of translation?

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

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17
Q

Initiation begins when…

A

Small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA and charged tRNA binds to start codon on mRNA

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18
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

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19
Q

What’s the second step of initiation

A

Large ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA

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20
Q

What starts elongation?

A

Next tRNA comes to the A site, mRNA is moved through the ribosome and it’s codons are read

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21
Q

What does all organisms using the same genetic machinery imply?

A

THERE IS COMMON ANCESTRY ‼️‼️

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22
Q

First part of elongation?

A

The appropriate anticodon of the next tRNA goes to the A-site

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23
Q

Second part of elongation

A

Peptide bonds are formed that transfer the polypeptide to the A site tRNA

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24
Q

Third part of elongation

A

the tRNA in the A site moves to the P site, the tRNA in the P site goes to the E site. The A site is open for the next tRNA

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25
What is the A site
Amino acid site
26
What is the P site
Polypeptide site
27
What is the e site
Exit site
28
Where are the three sites?
On the large ribosomal subunit
29
What happens in termination
A stop codon in the mRNA reaches the A site of the ribosome
30
How does transcription work in retro viruses
Information flows from RNA to DNA, enzyme used called reverse transcriptase, viral RNA is coupled to DNA, DNA becomes part of RNA
31
What is gene expression
The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
32
What is transcription
The synthesis of RNA using information from DNA
33
Where does transcription occur
Nucleus
34
What is translation
The synthesis of a polypeptide using information from RNA
35
Where does translation occur
At the ribosome
36
Functions of tRNA
They carry amino acids and can attach to mRNA via their anticodon. They allow information to be translated into a peptide sequence
37
What is the DNA strand that gets transcribed called
Template strand
38
Transcribed mRNA strands are
Antiparallel and complementary to the DNA nucleotides
39
What are the mRNA nucleotide triplets are called
Codons. Codons code for amino acids
40
For most amino acids, there are multiple codons that can code for them. What is this called?
Redundancy
41
Three steps of transcription
C Initiation C Elongation C Termination
42
What happens in C Initiation
RNA polymerase attach to a promoter region of DNA (no primer needed)
43
Where are promoter regions (transcription)
Upstream of the desired gene to transcribe
44
C Initiation in eukaryotes
Promoter region is called TATA box, transcription factors help RNA polymerase bind if DNA can’t unwind, no initiation can happen
45
C initiation prokaryotes
RNA polymerase can bind directly to promoter
46
Why is there a lagging strand
The strand runs in the 3’ to 5’ direction, but it must be built in the 5’ to 3’ direction. The lagging strand has to wait for a long segment of DNA to become unwound and exposed before replication can start with the addition of a primer
47
What puts together the Okazaki fragments
Ligase
48
What’s mismatch repair
A protein complex binds to mispaired bases, the mispaired base it cut out with enzymes and replaced by DNA polymerase
49
What has to happen before dna replication can occur
Primase has to put RNA primers on the DNA template strand
50
What’s the role of microRNA (mrRNA) in gene expression
microRNA helps pick which genes are expressed
51
How does the process of horizontal/lateral gene transfer lead to genetic diversity
Organisms can acquire new genetic information from other organisms
52
What’s transformation?
when cells can take in DNA that is placed near them, transformation is often used in experiments
53
What are nucleotides made of
Nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate group
54
How many rings do purines have
2
55
DNA is made of
A sugar-phosphate backbone, nucleotides paired with hydrogen bonds
56
How many bonds between A and T
2 hydrogen bonds
57
How many bonds between C and G
3 hydrogen bonds
58
Are plasmids part of the prokaryotic cells DNA
they are distinct from the chromosomal DNA
59
Which strand is the leading strand
The one that runs 5 to 3 toward the replication fork
60
Operons are only in
Prokaryotes
61
Difference between DNA Polymerase I and DNA Polymerase III
DNA polymerase III does most of the replicating,Polymerase I removes RNA primers
62
What does telomerase do
Adds DNA to the ends of chromosomes to keep them from being damaged, it also adds RNA bases to the 3’ end of the DNA strand in replication
63
RNA primers function
It attaches to leading strand of DNA and allows DNA polymerase to add new nucleotides to the strand
64
What’s morphogenesis
The shaping of an organism by embryological processes of differentiation
65
What’s DNA sequencing
Determining the order of the bases that make up the DNA molecule
66
What’s the 5’ cap on mRNA for
It keeps the mRNA from degrading
67
Where do transcription factors bind
Enhancer on rna

AP Bio (6 decks)

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