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AP Psych > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

Learning

1
Q

learning

A

process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information/behavior through experience

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2
Q

classical conditioning

A

links two stimuli so 1st stimulus elicits behavior in anticipation of 2nd stimulus

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3
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning which behavior to repeat/avoid for reward or to avoid unwanted results

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4
Q

cognitive learning

A

learn things we’ve never experienced through observation/language

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5
Q

habituation

A

decreased responsiveness with repeated exposure to stimulus

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6
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together

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7
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior occurring as AUTOMATIC response to stimulus

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8
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences

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9
Q

neutral stimulus NS

A

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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10
Q

unconditioned response UR

A

unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

unconditioned stimulus US

A

stimulus that unconditionally (naturally + automatically) elicits unconditioned response

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12
Q

conditioned response

A

learned response to a previously neutral (now conditioned) stimulus

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13
Q

conditioned stimulus CS

A

originally neutral stimulus that’s now associated with US to trigger CR

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14
Q

acquisition

A

initial stage of conditioning where NS is linked with US to trigger CS //behavior is linked to consequence

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15
Q

higher order conditioning

A

(/second order); a CS is paired with a new NS creating 2nd weaker CS

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16
Q

Extinction

A

the diminishing of a CR when no longer followed by US // when behavior is no longer paired with reinforcer

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17
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of an extinguished CR after a pause

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18
Q

generalization

A

tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses to CR // learned response occurs in similar situations

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19
Q

discrimination

A

learned ability to distinguish between a CS amd similar stimulus that doesn’t signal US // distinguish between reinforced vs not reinforced response

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20
Q

law of effect

A

having followed by favorable consequences are more likely to recur those followed by unfavorable consequences less likely (THORNDIKE)

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21
Q

operant chamber

A

(/Skinner box) chamber containing bar/key for animal to manipulate to obtain reinforcer; attached devices record animals bar/key interactions

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22
Q

reinforcement

A

any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior it follows

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23
Q

shaping

A

operant conditioning procedure; reinforcers guide toward closer approximation of desired behavior

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24
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

stimulus that elicits response after association with reinforcement (vs stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

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25
positive reinforcement
INCREASING behavior by ADDING a desired stimulus
26
negative reinforcement
INCREASING behavior by REMOVING an undesired stimulus
27
primary reinforcer
innately reinforcing stimulus like a biological need
28
conditioned reinforcer
stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through ASSOCIATION with a primary reinforcer
29
reinforcement schedule
pattern that defines how often a behavior is reinforced
30
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing desired behavior EVERY TIME it occurs (quick acquisition->quick extinction)
31
partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule
reinforcing response only PART of the time(slow acquisition but less extinction)
32
fixed ratio schedule
reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after SET NUMBER OF RESPONSES
33
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
response is reinforced after an UNPREDICTABLE # OF RESPONSES
34
fixed interval reinforcement schedule
response is reinforced only after SET amount of TIME has elapsed
35
variable interval reinforcement schedule
response is reinforced at UNPREDICTABLE TIME INTERVALS
36
reinforcement schedule - response rates
ratio - higher response rates than interval; variable - more consistent than fixed
37
punishment
event that DECREASES the behavior it follows
38
positive punishment
DECREASES behavior by ADDING undesirable stimulus
39
negative punishment
DECREASES behavior by REMOVING desirable/rewarding stimulus
40
Physical punishment cons
1. punished behavior is suppressed not stopped 2. teaches discrimination 3. teaches fear 4. increases aggression
41
B. F. Skinner
strict behaviorist who played role in discoveries about operant conditioning
42
John B. Watson
played role in discoveries around classical conditioning through little Albert experiment
43
biofeedback
a system for electronically recording amplifying and feeding back information abt subtle physiological states
44
preparedness
a biological predisposition to learn associations (ex: taste-nausea) that have survival value
45
john garcia
found animals can't make learn to associate ANY stimulus with ANY response
46
instinctive drift
the tendency for learned behavior to revert back to biologically predisposed patterns
47
Robert Rescorla
proved animals can learn PREDICTABILITY of an event (thus cognition is involved in conditioning)
48
insight
a sudden realization of a problems solution (contrasts strategy based solutions)
49
latent learning
learning that occurs but isn't APPARENT until there's incentive to demonstrate it
50
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
51
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive a promised reward or avoid threatened punishment
52
problem focused coping
attempting to alleviate directly by changing the stressor or our reaction to it
53
emotion focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding stressor and attending to emotional needs related to stress reactions
54
personal control
our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
55
learned helplessness
hopelessness and passive resignation one learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
56
internal locus of control
the perception WE control our fate
57
external locus of control
the perception that CHANCES/OUTSIDE FORCES control our fate
58
self control
the ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards
59
observational learning
learning by observing others
60
modeling
process of observing & imitating a specific behavior
61
Albert Bandura
pioneering researcher of observational learning through BoBo experiment
62
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that are believed to fire when we perform actions or see others doing it
63
prosocial behavior
positive constructive helpful (opposite of antisocial behavior)

AP Psych (12 decks)

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