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AP Psych > Unit 5 Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Part 1 Flashcards

Cognition

1
Q

memory

A

persistence of learning over time through encoding storing and retrieving information

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2
Q

recall

A

RETRIEVING information not currently in conscious awareness but earlier learned (like fill in the blanks)

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3
Q

recognition

A

IDENTIFYING items previously learned (like MCQs)

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4
Q

relearning

A

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material AGAIN

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5
Q

encoding

A

process of getting info INTO memory system

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6
Q

storage

A

process of retaining encoded info OVER TIME

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7
Q

retrieval

A

process of getting info OUT of memory system

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8
Q

sensory memory

A

immediate brief recording of sensory info in memory

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9
Q

short term memory

A

activated memory that holds few things briefly before the info is forgotten or stored

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10
Q

long term memory

A

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system (includes knowledge skills and experience)

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11
Q

working memory

A

newer understanding of short term memory that adds CONSCIOUS active processing of incoming sensory info/retrieved info

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12
Q

explicit memories

A

retention of facts & experiences one can consciously know & “declare”

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13
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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14
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental info: like space time frequency and well known info

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15
Q

implicit memory

A

retention of learned skills/classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

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16
Q

iconic memory

A

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture image lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

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17
Q

echoic memory

A

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

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18
Q

George Miller

A

believed working memory capacity is 7 ±2

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19
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar manageable units

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20
Q

mnemonic

A

memory aids techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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21
Q

shallow processing

A

encoding on basic level based on structure or appearance of words

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22
Q

deep processing

A

encoding semantically based on meaning of the words yields better retention

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23
Q

semantic memory

A

explicit memory of facts and general info

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24
Q

episodic memory

A

explicit memory of personally experienced events

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25
prefrontal cortex
short term memory
26
memory consolidation
the neural storage of long term memory
27
flashbulb moment
a clear sustained memory of an emotionally significant event
28
long term potentiation
an increase in cells firing potential after a brief
29
encoding specificity principle
idea that cues & contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
30
mood congruent memory
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good/bad mood
31
serial position effect
tendency to remember the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) in a list best
32
anterograde amnesia
inability to format new memories
33
retrograde amnesia
inability to remember past memories
34
proactive interference
forward acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new info
35
retroactive interference
the backwards acting interference of newer learning on old info
36
repression
in psychoanalytic theory the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts feelings etc
37
reconsolidation
process in which previously stored memories when retrieved are potentially before being stored again
38
misinformation effect
occurs when misleading info has distorted ones memory of an event
39
source amnesia
faulty memory for how when or where info was learned or imagined
40
concepts
mental grouping of similar idea objects events or ppl (like grouping or perceptual sets)
41
prototype
mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to a prototype provides a quick easy method of sorting items
42
creativity
ability to produce new and valuable ideas
43
convergent thinking
narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
44
divergent thinking
expanding the number of possible problem solutions creative thinking
45
algorithm
a methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. contrasts with speedy but error prone heuristics
46
heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
47
insight
a sudden aha moment of problems solution
48
confirmation bias
tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
49
fixation
in cognition the inability to see a problem from a new perspective
50
mental set
tendency to approach a problem 1 particular way
51
intuition
an effortless immediate automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit conscious reasoning
52
representative heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match a prototype; may lead us to ignore other relevant info
53
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their available in memory if instances come more readily to mind we think them to be common
54
belief perseverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed is discredited
55
framing
the way an issue is posed how it's phrased can effect answer
56
language
our spoken written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
57
phoneme
the smallest distinctive sound in a language "th" or "a"
58
morpheme
the smallest unit that carries meaning in language "pre" "ment"
59
babbling stage
beginning around 4 months
60
one word stage
age 1-2; stage where child speaks single words
61
two word stage
starts age 2; speech development stage where child speaks in 2 Word statements
62
telegraphic speech
early speech stage where child speaks like telegram "go car" mostly nouns and verbs
63
aphasia
impairment of language caused by damage to broca's area(speech) or wernicke's area(comprehension)
64
linguistic determinism
strong form of Benjamin Lee Whorf's hypothesis- language controls the way we think and interpret world around us
65
linguistic influence
weaker form of "linguistic determinism"- idea that language AFFECTS thought thus our thinking is RELATIVE TO cultural language

AP Psych (12 decks)

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