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[AUBF LEC] > Unit 4-5 > Flashcards

Unit 4-5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of reagent strips in urine testing?

A

To detect medically significant chemical analytes in urine

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2
Q

What are the components of a reagent strip?

A

Chemically impregnated absorbent pads attached to a plastic strip

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3
Q

How should reagent strips be stored?

A

In opaque containers with desiccant, away from volatile fumes, and below 30°C

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4
Q

What is the purpose of quality control in reagent strip testing?

A

Ensures accuracy by using positive and negative controls

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5
Q

Why is distilled water not used as a negative control for reagent strips?

A

Because its ionic concentration is different from urine

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6
Q

What physical characteristics of urine are examined before chemical testing?

A

Color, clarity, and specific gravity

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7
Q

What is the purpose of urine pH testing?

A

Measures the degree of acidity or alkalinity in urine

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8
Q

What are the normal pH values of urine?

A

5.0-6.0 in the morning, slightly alkaline after meals

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9
Q

What does a urine pH above 9 indicate?

A

Unpreserved or contaminated specimen

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10
Q

What condition can cause acidic urine?

A

High-protein diet, metabolic or respiratory acidosis

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11
Q

What condition can cause alkaline urine?

A

Vegetarian diet, UTI with urea-splitting bacteria

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12
Q

What protein is most commonly found in urine?

A

Albumin

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13
Q

What is considered clinically significant proteinuria?

A

> 30 mg/dL (300 mg/L)

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14
Q

What does persistent proteinuria indicate?

A

Possible kidney disease or glomerular damage

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15
Q

What is microalbuminuria an early indicator of?

A

Diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disease

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16
Q

What are the three main causes of proteinuria?

A

Prerenal, Renal, Postrenal

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17
Q

What does prerenal proteinuria indicate?

A

Conditions affecting plasma before reaching the kidneys

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18
Q

What is a common cause of renal proteinuria?

A

Glomerular damage or tubular dysfunction

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19
Q

What is postrenal proteinuria?

A

Protein added as urine passes through the lower urinary tract

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20
Q

What is the clinical significance of glucose in urine?

A

Indicator of diabetes mellitus and other metabolic disorders

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21
Q

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

A

160-180 mg/dL

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22
Q

Why is fasting urine preferred for glucose testing?

A

To avoid postprandial variations

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23
Q

What ketone body is primarily detected in reagent strip testing?

A

Acetoacetic acid

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24
Q

What is ketonuria an indicator of?

A

Uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, or metabolic disorders

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25
What is the function of specific gravity testing?
Measures urine concentration and kidney function
26
What does a high specific gravity indicate?
Dehydration, diabetes mellitus, or proteinuria
27
What does a low specific gravity indicate?
Diabetes insipidus or renal failure
28
What is the principle behind the blood reagent strip test?
Detects hemoglobin using peroxidase activity
29
What does a positive blood test in urine indicate?
Hematuria, hemoglobinuria, or myoglobinuria
30
What is the main cause of hematuria?
Renal or urinary tract bleeding
31
What is the difference between hematuria and hemoglobinuria?
Hematuria has intact RBCs, hemoglobinuria does not
32
What is myoglobinuria associated with?
Muscle destruction (e.g., rhabdomyolysis)
33
What is the clinical significance of bilirubin in urine?
Indicator of liver disease or bile duct obstruction
34
Why should urine samples for bilirubin testing be protected from light?
Bilirubin degrades in light, causing false negatives
35
What is the primary function of urobilinogen in urine testing?
Early detection of liver disease or hemolytic disorders
36
What conditions can increase urobilinogen levels in urine?
Liver disease, hemolysis
37
What is the function of the nitrite test in urine?
Detects bacterial infection (UTI)
38
What is the principle behind the nitrite test?
Bacteria reduce nitrate to nitrite
39
What is the primary purpose of leukocyte esterase testing?
Detects WBCs in urine, indicating infection or inflammation
40
What is a common cause of leukocyturia?
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
41
Why are leukocyte esterase and nitrite tests often used together?
To increase the sensitivity of UTI detection
42
What does the presence of bacteria in urine indicate?
Possible urinary tract infection
43
What is the purpose of microscopic urine examination?
To detect and identify insoluble materials in urine
44
What are the three main types of urinary casts?
Hyaline, cellular, and granular casts
45
What are hyaline casts composed of?
Tamm-Horsfall protein
46
What condition is associated with RBC casts in urine?
Glomerulonephritis
47
What condition is associated with WBC casts in urine?
Pyelonephritis or interstitial nephritis
48
What is the significance of epithelial cell casts?
Tubular damage or renal disease
49
What type of microscopy is best for identifying lipids in urine?
Polarizing microscopy
50
What is the function of phase-contrast microscopy in urinalysis?
Enhances visualization of low-refractive index elements like casts
51
What is the function of Gram stain in urine microscopy?
Identifies bacteria and differentiates Gram-positive from Gram-negative bacteria
52
What is the function of Sternheimer-Malbin stain?
Enhances visibility of WBCs, epithelial cells, and casts
53
What stain is used to identify hemosiderin in urine?
Prussian blue stain
54
What are the three most common urine crystals?
Calcium oxalate, uric acid, and triple phosphate
55
What condition is associated with calcium oxalate crystals?
Kidney stones, ethylene glycol poisoning
56
What condition is associated with uric acid crystals?
Gout or increased purine metabolism
57
What condition is associated with triple phosphate crystals?
UTIs with urea-splitting bacteria
58
Why must urine sediment be examined under reduced light?
To improve visibility of transparent elements
59
What is the recommended time for centrifuging urine samples?
5 minutes at 400 RCF
60
What is the normal range for WBCs in urine sediment?
0-5 per high power field
61
What is the normal range for RBCs in urine sediment?
0-3 per high power field
62
What does the presence of oval fat bodies in urine indicate?
Nephrotic syndrome
63
What is the normal color of urine?
Pale yellow to amber
64
What causes dark brown urine?
Bilirubin, myoglobin, or severe dehydration
65
What causes cloudy urine?
Cells, bacteria, crystals, or mucus
66
Why should refrigerated urine samples be warmed before testing?
To dissolve precipitated crystals and avoid misinterpretation
67
What is the function of urine culture?
To identify and quantify bacteria in suspected UTIs
68
Why should a midstream clean-catch urine sample be used for culture?
To minimize contamination from external sources
69
What is the normal urine output per day?
800-2000 mL
70
What is oliguria?
Urine output <400 mL/day
71
What is polyuria?
Urine output >2500 mL/day
72
What is anuria?
Complete cessation of urine output
73
What is the principle behind the Clinitest for glucose?
Copper reduction test
74
What is the principle behind the Ictotest for bilirubin?
Diazo reaction with enhanced sensitivity
75
What is the principle behind the Acetest for ketones?
Nitroprusside reaction

[AUBF LEC] (4 decks)

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