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WJEC Level 3 Criminology (KEDST 2023/24). > UNIT 4 - AC3.2 - Describe the contribution of agencies to achieving social control. > Flashcards

UNIT 4 - AC3.2 - Describe the contribution of agencies to achieving social control. Flashcards

1
Q

Who helped to Distinguish between Defensible and Indefensible Spaces?

[AC3.2]

A

Oscar Newman.

[AC3.2]

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2
Q

What is a defensible space? Give an example.

[AC3.2]

A
  • This is a place where crime is less likely to occur where there is a low crime rate.
  • Example: Pavement (Public), Front Garden (Semi-public), Rear Garden (Semi-private) and inside the home (private).

[AC3.2]

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3
Q

What is an indefensible space? Give an example.

[AC3.2]

A
  • This is a place where crime is more likely to occur where there is a high crime rate.
  • Example: Anonymous walkways and stairwells. They belong to no-one. Newman found 55% of crime was committed in these areas (e.g in Damilola Taylor case).

[AC3.2]

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4
Q

What does CPTED stand for and what do they do?

[AC3.2]

A
  • Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.
  • They try to reduce crime by altering the physical environment leading to less opportunities for crime to happen.

[AC3.2]

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5
Q

What are CPTED’s Principles?

[AC3.2]

A
  • Surveillance.
  • Access.
  • Territoriality.
  • Maintenance (Physical and Order).

[AC3.2]

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6
Q

What does CPTED’s Surveillance principle mean? Give an example.

[AC3.2]

A
  • Adapting the environment so the public are able to observe areas more easily to see if it’s dangerous to go there, where crime is being committed.
  • Example: Height of Hedges and Fences being altered to make spaces more open, CCTV.

[AC3.2]

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7
Q

What does CPTED’s Access principle mean? Give an example.

[AC3.2]

A
  • Restriction of Access to areas making it easier/ harder to get into a specific area.
  • Example: Using door buzzer systems so only people inside can control who comes in (e.g. in a block of flats).

[AC3.2]

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8
Q

What does CPTED’s Territoriality principle mean? Give an example.

[AC3.2]

A
  • Making defined spaces and having ownership of these to separate areas.
  • Example: Using fences/ gates and hedges to separate areas.

[AC3.2]

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9
Q

What does CPTED’s Maintenance principle mean? Give an example.

[AC3.2]

A
  • Things are put in place to stop development of physical disorder in a neighbourhood.
  • Physical Example: Removing graffiti and adding more lighting to make places look nicer (e.g. underground car parks to prevent gangs).
  • Order Example: Using signage to maintain order (e.g. “CCTV in operation” to deter criminals).

[AC3.2]

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10
Q

What is the ‘safe image’ idea?

[AC3.2]

A

Buildings should give the impression of a safe neighbourhood, where it is looked after.

[AC3.2]

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11
Q

What is the ‘safe location’ idea?

[AC3.2]

A

Neighbourhoods in a more crime-free area have a ‘buffer of safety’.

[AC3.2]

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12
Q

What research was taken to link to CPTED?

[AC3.2]

A

Alice Coleman did research on over 4000 blocks of flats and concluded that the poor design of these buildings increased the level of crime and anti-social behaviour.

[AC3.2]

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13
Q

Give an example of how the UK have attempted to ‘design crime out’.

[AC3.2]

A
  • On Alisson Green estate in West London, removal of overhead walkways led to a 50% reduction in crime.
  • The SBD (Secured by Design) Kitemark scheme found a 30% lower burglary rate in SBD homes.

[AC3.2]

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14
Q

What are ‘gated lanes’?

[AC3.2]

A

They are gate systems which are installed on quiet side streets to help reduce the amount of anti-social behaviour.

[AC3.2]

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15
Q

What do ‘gated lanes’ help stop?

[AC3.2]

A

Anti-social behaviour such as preventing drug addicts loitering and reducing burglaries of larger, more expensive items.

[AC3.2]

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16
Q

What are some disadvantages of ‘gated lanes’?

[AC3.2]

A
  • They are costly (£3000+ each).
  • They can be seen as a nuisance for residents.
  • They can lead to dog fouling, drug paraphernalia and Fly-tipping/ Dumping.

[AC3.2]

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17
Q

Which Sociological Theory does CPTED link to and how?

[AC3.2]

A

Right Realism
- ‘target hardening’ by changing the environment to make it harder to commit crime.
- RCT (Rational Choice Theory) - displaces crime elsewhere.
- Felton’s Routine Activity Theory - CCTV or neighbours acting as ‘capable guardians’.

[AC3.2]

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18
Q

Who’s Prison Design can be seen to contribute to achieving social control?

[AC3.2]

A

Jeremy Bentham.

[AC3.2]

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19
Q

What is the prison design called which Bentham designed? Describe it.

[AC3.2]

A

The Panoptican Prison
It is a circular prison with cells around the circumference and a central tower in the middle which guards can look out to inmates, but inmates can’t see in the tower.

[AC3.2]

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20
Q

How can Benthams Panoptican Prison Design achieve social control?

[AC3.2]

A
  • Inmates can’t see into the tower, so don’t know if the guards are looking. This deters them from misbehaving.
  • Cells seperate prisoners to ensure no interaction/ communication.
  • Permanent Visibility enforces power.

[AC3.2]

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21
Q

What is the limitation of why so few prisons have a Panoptican design these days?

[AC3.2]

A

Because new technology such as CCTV allows for inmates to know they are being monitored at all times without a line-of-sight.

[AC3.2]

22
Q

Explain what a Category A prison is. Give an example.

[AC3.2]

A
  • They are high security prisons where high risk offenders are kept, in risk that they escape and pose the most threat to society.
  • Example: HMP Belmarsh.

[AC3.2]

23
Q

Explain what a Category B prison is. Give an example.

[AC3.2]

A
  • A Local or Training Prison in which people directly from court in the local area come. They hold pretty high risk inmates.
  • Example: HMP Birmingham.

[AC3.2]

24
Q

Explain what a Category C prison is. Give an example.

[AC3.2]

A
  • Training and Resettlement prisons. Most prisoners are found here as they gain skills to help them resettle back into the community after release.
  • Example: HMP Berwyn.

[AC3.2]

25
Q

Explain what a Category D prison is. Give an example.

[AC3.2]

A
  • Open Prisons. They have the least security and are for offenders who are able to spend time on lisence to carry out work or education for example.
  • Example: HMP Ford.

[AC3.2]

26
Q

What is the American Supermax prison?

[AC3.2]

A

It is the biggest maximum security prison in the US which inmates spend 23 hours in solitary confinement per day (little or no access to natural light).

[AC3.2]

27
Q

Give an example of a Human Ecological Prison.

[AC3.2]

A

Bastøy Prison located in Norway.

[AC3.2]

28
Q

What type of offenders are sent to Bastøy Prison?

[AC3.2]

A

Offenders of serious crimes, including murder, rape and other sexual offences.

[AC3.2]

29
Q

Describe Bastøy Prison.

[AC3.2]

A

It is made up of 1 square mile of land and is home to 115 inmates and 69 members of staff. Prisoners each have a house with their own room, kitchen and facilities. The island also has a school, church, library and Sports facilities.

[AC3.2]

30
Q

What can prisoners do at Bastøy Prison?

[AC3.2]

A

They can go to education and training programs in order to increase their skills and learning. They can also get jobs such as maintaining island facilities and growing food.

[AC3.2]

31
Q

How does the rate of recidivism compare at Bastøy Prison to UK prisons?

[AC3.2]

A

At Bastøy Prison the rate of recidivism is 16% compared to the european average of 70%.

[AC3.2]

32
Q

What are some disadvantages of Human Ecological Prisons?

[AC3.2]

A
  • Justice isn’t fully deserved due to the luxury and not being locked up.
  • Their good behaviour only works in Bastøy Prison. It doesn’t continue when they are out as they don’t get the luxury.

[AC3.2]

33
Q

What types of behavioural tactics can be used in achieving social control?

[AC3.2]

A
  • CBO’s (Criminal Behaviour Orders) to replace ASBO’s (Anti-Social Behaviour Disorders).
  • Token Economies - IEP Schemes.
  • Restorative Justice - offenders meeting with victims.

[AC3.2]

34
Q

When were CBO’s introduced? Which act?

[AC3.2]

A

Criminal Behaviour Order’s were introduced in the Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014.

[AC3.2]

35
Q

What are CBO’s used for?

[AC3.2]

A

Criminal Behaviour Orders are used to deal with low-level nuicance behaviour and more serious anti-social behaviour. They are used to help monitor and supervise offenders serving sentences in the community.

[AC3.2]

36
Q

Give examples of Negative Requirments of CBO’s.

[AC3.2]

A
  • Curfews.
  • Wearing ankle tags to monitor you.
  • Restricting you from meeting certain people (restraining order).
  • Restricting you from doing certain things.

[AC3.2]

37
Q

Give examples of Positive Requirements of CBO’s.

[AC3.2]

A
  • Joining Drug Treatement Programs.
  • Joining Alcohol Treatment Programs.

[AC3.2]

38
Q

Explain how Token Economies are used to achive social control.

[AC3.2]

A

Token Economies use a IEP (Incentive and Earned Priviledges) Scheme to reward good behaviour in prison and punish bad behaviour. If prisoners complete desired behaviours (e.g being polite, obeying the rules) they can earn these ‘tokens’.

[AC3.2]

39
Q

What theory are Token Economies based off?

[AC3.2]

A

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory in which people learn from rewarding behaviour leading to this behaviour being repeated.

[AC3.2]

40
Q

How well do Token Economies/ IEP Schemes work?

[AC3.2]

A

They can be good when individuals are in prison, but as soon as they come out of prison and they are not being rewarded for this positive behaviour, this leads to boredom and increased criminal behaviour.

[AC3.2]

41
Q

What are Disciplinary and Institutional Tactics? Give some examples.

[AC3.2]

A

They are tactics which are enforced by agencies to reduce deviance and controlling behaviour. Examples include: Sanctions (Positive and Negative) and Warnings.

[AC3.2]

42
Q

How do the Police enforce disciplinary and institutional tactics?

[AC3.2]

A

They use a staged disciple procedure before court to help reduce impact on prison records. (e.g if someone admits guilt then they may be given a warning/ caution).

[AC3.2]

43
Q

How do the Courts enforce disciplinary and institutional tactics?

[AC3.2]

A

They use sentences to achieve control. This can be in the form of custodial, community, fines or discharges.

[AC3.2]

44
Q

How does the Probation Service enforce disciplinary and institutional tactics?

[AC3.2]

A

They supervise and monitor offenders in the community. 2 breahces of their community order can lead to a warning. After this they can be referred to court.

[AC3.2]

45
Q

How do the Prisons enforce disciplinary and institutional tactics?

[AC3.2]

A

Rules and regulations including sanctions can be used aswell as IEP Schemes (e.g. Token Economies).

[AC3.2]

46
Q

What is Staged Discipline and how does it work?

[AC3.2]

A

It is a gradual way of achieving social control. First offences are dealt with more leniently, however after that they increase in severity.

[AC3.2]

47
Q

How do ‘Insufficient Resources’ lead to a lack of social control?

[AC3.2]

A

Because of a lack in funding, they can’t purchace the neccesary resources such as new equipment to protect themselves (officers). This leads to a fall in officers.
* Budget cut by 19% in 2008 which led to a fall of 2000 police officers.

[AC3.2]

48
Q

How does ‘New Technology’ lead to a lack of social control?

[AC3.2]

A

Because of places such as the ‘Dark Web’ crimes can be hidden such as illegal selling of items. Also checking mobile phones for evidence takes too long leading to failures in disclosing evidence.

[AC3.2]

49
Q

How does ‘Unreported Cirme’ lead to a lack of social control?

[AC3.2]

A

It was found only 40% of crime is actually reported to the police because of people being scared to report or having shame/ embarrasement of being a victim of crime.

[AC3.2]

50
Q

How do ‘Existing Laws’ lead to a lack of social control?

[AC3.2]

A
  • The Double Jeopardy Law stopped Ann Ming from getting Justice for her daughter.
  • Upskirting before it was made an offence meant it was legal to do this originally.

[AC3.2]

WJEC Level 3 Criminology (KEDST 2023/24). (10 decks)

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