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WJEC Level 3 Criminology (KEDST 2023/24). > UNIT 4 - AC3.3 - Examine the limitations of agencies in achieving social control. > Flashcards

UNIT 4 - AC3.3 - Examine the limitations of agencies in achieving social control. Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘Recidivism’?

[AC3.3]

A

Recidivism refers to the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend.

[AC3.3]

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2
Q

What are Recidivism Rates?

[AC3.3]

A

The rate at which people reoffend within 1 year of prison release.

[AC3.3]

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3
Q

Which countries have the highest prison rate in Western Europe?

[AC3.3]

A

England, Wales and Scotland - roughly 135/136 people per 100,000 population.

[AC3.3]

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4
Q

What country has the lowest prison rate in Western Europe?

[AC3.3]

A

Norway (where Bastøy prison is located) - 57 people per 100,000 population.

[AC3.3]

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5
Q

What percentages of males, females and children reoffend within a year of release?

[AC3.3]

A
  • Males: 64% when serving a sentence less than 12 months.
  • Females: 58%.
  • Children and Young people: 59%.

[AC3.3]

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6
Q

Who are the most likely people that would re-offend?

[AC3.3]

A
  • Someone with previous convictions.
  • People who served a prison sentence.
  • Males are the most likely.
  • Offenders who are alcohol/ drug dependent.
  • Homeless people.
  • People with few qualifications or are unemployed.

[AC3.3]

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7
Q

What contributes to the rising prison population?

[AC3.3]

A

The rising prison population is attributed to factors like repeat offending (increased recidivism rate).

[AC3.3]

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8
Q

What are some of the limitations in prisons that prevent social control from being achieved?

[AC3.3]

A
  • Prison officers dont feel safe.
  • Threat of violence is constant.
  • They are Understaffed.
  • Have limited resources.
  • Prisoners unlikely to co-operate.
  • Prison officers are overworked.
  • Poor education/ rehabilitation.

[AC3.3]

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9
Q

What are prisons called if people are in prison short term with little rehab?

[AC3.3]

A

“Universities of Crime”.

[AC3.3]

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10
Q

What are the factors influencing repeat offending?

[AC3.3]

A

The number of previous convictions is a significant factor influencing reoffending likelihood. Also, boredom and lack of rehabilitation.

[AC3.3]

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11
Q

How does the number of previous convictions affect reoffending likelihood?

[AC3.3]

A

Offenders with a higher number of previous convictions are more likely to reoffend.

[AC3.3]

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12
Q

What is the “dark figure” of reoffending?

[AC3.3]

A

The “dark figure” of reoffending refers to unreported or undetected instances of reoffending.

[AC3.3]

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13
Q

What theories does ‘Recidivism’ link to?

[AC3.3]

A
  • SLT (Social Learning Theory) - Skinners Operant Conditioning.
  • Right Realism - Rational Choice.
  • Marxism - Unemployed most likely to re-offend.

[AC3.3]

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14
Q

What are ‘Civil Liberties’?

[AC3.3]

A

They are rights and freedoms guaranteed to every individual by law.

[AC3.3]

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15
Q

What are some examples of ‘Civil Liberties’?

[AC3.3]

A
  • Freedom of Speech.
  • Freedom of Movement.
  • Freedom of Arbitary Arrest.
  • Freedom of Assembly.
  • Freedom of Association.
  • Freedom of Religious Worship.

[AC3.3]

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16
Q

What case study links to issues with civil liberties?

[AC3.3]

A

Abu Qatada - The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled that as he was a hate preacher he couldnt be deported to Jordan as he could of been tried on evidence obtained by torture.

[AC3.3]

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17
Q

What theories does ‘Civil Liberties and legal barriers’ link to?

[AC3.3]

A
  • Link to Due Proccess Model - PACE 1984 (Procedural Safeguarding).
  • Left Realism.
  • Labelling Theory.

[AC3.3]

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18
Q

What is the link between Marxism and civil liberties?

[AC3.3]

A

Marxism critiques civil liberties as insufficient for meeting the needs of the working class.

[AC3.3]

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19
Q

How is ‘Access to resources and support’ a weakness of agencies?

[AC3.3]

A

Prisoners aren’t able to be rehabilitated due to the amount of staff and funding.

[AC3.3]

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20
Q

How do ‘short sentences’ fail to rehabilitate offenders?

[AC3.3]

A

They don’t give offenders enough time to be able to attend rehabilitation programs. They take too long to set a prisoner up on a rehab scheme.

[AC3.3]

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21
Q

How do ‘shortages of (experienced) prison officers’ fail to rehabilitate offenders?

[AC3.3]

A

Fewer officers mean inmates have to be locked up for up to 23 hours per day to maintain social control.

[AC3.3]

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22
Q

How do ‘limited opportunities for release on temporary lisence (ROTL)’ fail to rehabilitate offenders?

[AC3.3]

A

Staff shortages mean that there are few trusted prisoners which are allowed to attend training, employment and job interviews.

[AC3.3]

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23
Q

How do ‘inadequate resources for education and training’ fail to rehabilitate offenders?

[AC3.3]

Statistics on Prison Activity usefulness.

A

In 2020, the Chief Inspector said half of prisons inspected had too few programmes of useful activity. Fewer than 2 out of 5 delivered good or reasonably good activities.

[AC3.3]

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24
Q

How does the reoffending rate differ whether prisoners learn in prison or not?

[AC3.3]

A

The re-offending rate for prisoners which learn in prison is 34% compared to 43% for non-prison learners.

[AC3.3]

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25
What is the percentage like of prisoners literacy skills? | **[AC3.3]**
**Nearly two-thirds (62%)** of people entering prison were assessed as having literacy **skills expected of an 11 year old**. | **[AC3.3]**
26
What obstacles has HMP Birmingham faced, preventing them from rehabilitating offenders? | **[AC3.3]**
Not enough prison staff so have to be locked up all day (23 hours a day), so inmates get very bored and turn to violence to resolve this issue, as they dont have anything else to do. | **[AC3.3]**
27
What are some of the problems faced by newly released prisoners? | **[AC3.3]**
* Lack of Money. * Lack of a Job. * Homlessness. | **[AC3.3]**
28
How is '*Lack of Money*' an issue for newly released prioners? | **[AC3.3]** ## Footnote Cost?
When they are released they only recieve a £76 discharge grant and any money from jobs in prison. This means they only have enough money to get food for about 1 week. | **[AC3.3]**
29
How is '*Lack of a Job*' an issue for newly released prioners? | **[AC3.3]** ## Footnote Statistics?
Only 1 in 4 prisoners have a job to go to on release. Over 50% of employers also said they wouldn't employ an ex-offender. | **[AC3.3]**
30
How is '*Homlessness*' an issue for newly released prioners? | **[AC3.3]**
Only half of offenders have settled accommodation on release from prison. After 13 weeks in prison, inmates automatically lose entitlement to housing benefits. | **[AC3.3]**
31
What is the '**End Friday releases**' campaign? | **[AC3.3]**
More than 1/3 of releases from prison happen on a friday. Newly released offenders end up sleeping rough and discharge grants re-open on monday, so offenders don't get money for the whole weekend. It’s a campaign to stop these releases on a Friday. | **[AC3.3]**
32
What **organisations** are helping the '**End friday release**' campaign? | **[AC3.3]**
**NACRO** and **Howard League** are campaigning to stop this as it means that most businesses are closed at weekends and accommodation and benefits will be hard to get. | **[AC3.3]**
33
How is the 'End Friday release' campaign a problem? | **[AC3.3]**
It leads to newly released offenders being **vulnerable** to reoffending and breaching conditions of their release lisence - they are **recalled to prison.** | **[AC3.3]**
34
What are some reasons for re-offending while on community sentences? | **[AC3.3]**
* **Inadequate support for complex needs** - such as mental health issues and addictions. * **Inadequate supervision by probation services** - offenders miss appointments. * **Failure by the privatised CRC's** - don't supervise offenders closely enough. | **[AC3.3]**
35
How is '**finance**' a limitation of agencies? | **[AC3.3]**
Not enough funding means that agencies can't work to their standards, so are lacking. | **[AC3.3]**
36
What '**costs**' have the POLICE faced? | **[AC3.3]** ## Footnote Statistics?
Between 2010 and 2018, the police budget cut was bny **19%** leading to a fall of **20,000** police officers. | **[AC3.3]**
37
What are the **consequences of underfunding** for the POLICE? | **[AC3.3]**
* **More inexperienced officers employed.** * Not enough people to investiagate crimes. * **Staff overworked.** * Short-cuts and mistakes made. * **Failures to disclose evidence.** | **[AC3.3]**
38
What '**costs**' have the CPS faced? | **[AC3.3]** ## Footnote Statistics?
Between 2010 and 2018, there was a **25%** budget cut which led to the loss of **a third** of CPS staff. | **[AC3.3]**
39
What are the **consequences of underfunding** for the CPS? | **[AC3.3]**
* **Heavier caseloads.** * More miscarriages of justice. * Increased delays for courts. * **More inexperienced staff employed.** * **Less disclosure - more cases collapsing.** * Downgraded charges. | **[AC3.3]**
40
What are the **consequences of underfunding** for the JUDICIARY/ COURTS? | **[AC3.3]**
* **Fewer cases being heard - crimes dealt with at a slower rate.** * Prisoners held on remand. * **Backlogs in cases.** * Courtrooms sitting empty. | **[AC3.3]**
41
What '**costs**' have the PRISONS faced? | **[AC3.3]** ## Footnote Statistics?
Between 2010 and 2018, the prison budget fell by **16%** leading to reduction in staff levels by **15%**. | **[AC3.3]**
42
What are the **consequences of underfunding** for the PRISONS? | **[AC3.3]**
* **23-hour lockups.** * Increased rioting and attacks. * **No rehabilative systems.** * Increased suicides and self-harm. * **More inexperience officer employed due to staff leaving.** | **[AC3.3]**
43
What '**costs**' have the PROBATION SERVICES faced? | **[AC3.3]** ## Footnote Supervision Statistics?
In 2018, only **40%** of offenders were supervised by the National Probation Service (NPS) and **60%** by CRC’s. | **[AC3.3]**
44
What are the **consequences of underfunding** for the PROBATION SERVICES? | **[AC3.3]**
* Shortages of staff. * **More inexperienced staff being employed.** * Poor pre-sentencing/ pre-release. * **Heavy caseloads for officers.** * **Increased recidivism - more prisoners.** | **[AC3.3]**
45
What '**costs**' have the CHARITIES faced? | **[AC3.3]** ## Footnote Statistics? Loss?
Charities have **lost** more than **£3.8 billion** in grants from the government over the past decade. | **[AC3.3]**
46
What are the **consequences of underfunding** for the CHARITIES? | **[AC3.3]**
People don't have available money to give to charity due to things such as the 'Cost of Living Crisis'. This leads to cases not being supported. | **[AC3.3]**
47
Who are **national** policies introduced by? | **[AC3.3]**
The Government. | **[AC3.3]**
48
How do **national policies** such as for 'knife crime' stop the police from achieving social control? | **[AC3.3]**
Through police prioritisation, it means that **some crimes are neglected and forgotten** about when focusing on others. | **[AC3.3]**
49
Who are **local** policies introduced by? | **[AC3.3]**
Local Police Forces. | **[AC3.3]**
50
How do **local policies** stop the police from achieving social control? | **[AC3.3]**
**Weapon amnesties** - police don't arrest people who hand in illegal weapons - can distract the police from solving real life cases. | **[AC3.3]**
51
How does the **Environment** an offender is released into **affect recidivism**? | **[AC3.3]**
Returning to the **same** social circle can result in the **same** offending behaviour. | **[AC3.3]**
52
What are some factors that influence reoffending ? | **[AC3.3]**
* Purposeful activity in prison. * Employemnt on release from prison. | **[AC3.3]**
53
How do family visits in prison affect re-offending rates? | **[AC3.3]** ## Footnote Statistics?
Prisoner who recieve family visits in prison are **39% less likely to re-offend**. | This is especially important for women. **[AC3.3]**
54
How does the **prison release environment** link to a **theory**? | **[AC3.3]**
Marxists suggest the bourgeoisie (rich) contruct the rules of society to prevent the proletariats (poor) from achieving in life. | **[AC3.3]**
55
What is a '**moral imperative**'? | **[AC3.3]**
A strongly felt principle that compels a person to act. (e.g the offender think (morally) its the right decision). | **[AC3.3]**
56
What **case study(s)** links to a crime committed with a **moral imperative**? | **[AC3.3]**
* **London Riots in 2011** - began after Mark Duggan was shot by a police officer who abused their power. * **Kay Gilderdale** - she administered drugs to her ill daughter to help her die. (Assisted Suicide). * **Banaz Mahmood** - honor crime killing. * **Alan Blythe** - MS (Multiple Schlerosis) treatment with cannabis - charged for supply and cultivation. * **Stansted 15**. * **The Suffragettes**. | **[AC3.3]**
57
How does **The Suffragettes** link to 'moral imperatives'? | **[AC3.3]**
The Womens Right protest in 1905 became more militant and they started all sorts of anti-social activities such as burning houses. They believed this was morally right because of the way women were being treated. | **[AC3.3]**
58
How does **The Stansted 15** link to 'moral imperatives'? | **[AC3.3]**
60 migrants were deported to Nigeria where they were given terrorism charges, but these were overtuned in 2021. | **[AC3.3]**
59
How does the **Alan Blythe** case link to 'moral imperatives'? | **[AC3.3]**
Due to Jury Equity, he was acquited of 3 charges relating to the supply and cultivation of cannabis after it was found his wife had Multiple Schlerosis (MS) and that cannabis alleviated the symptoms of MS. | **[AC3.3]**
60
How does **Functionalism** link to 'moral imperatives'? What key term - BM? | **[AC3.3]**
Crimes can be seen as positive and functional in society. Without deviance, society would be stagnant. **Boundary Maintenance** shows whats acceptable in society. Crime is how society functions. | **[AC3.3]**

WJEC Level 3 Criminology (KEDST 2023/24). (10 decks)

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