UNIT 4 - AC3.4 - Evaluate the effectiveness of agencies in achieving social control. Flashcards
1
Q
What is the role of the Police?
[AC3.4]
UNIT 3 - Synoptic Link.
A
- Law enforcement.
- Social control.
- Upholding the law.
- Protecting the public.
- Arrest and Detain.
[AC3.4]
2
Q
What statistic is there to suggest the Police are effective in achieving social control?
Terrorism-related Activity statistic. [AC3.4]
A
- In the year ending 30th June 2021, there were 181 arrests for terrorism-related activity - 49 fewer than the previous 12 months (21% fall).
[AC3.4]
3
Q
What statistic is there to suggest the Police are effective in achieving social control?
Drug Seizure statistic. [AC3.4]
A
- In 2018/19, there were 153,135 drug seizures in England and Wales (12% increase).
[AC3.4]
4
Q
What are the social control responsibilities of the police?
[AC3.4]
A
The police are responsible for the majority of the detection, investigation, and prevention of crime.
[AC3.4]
5
Q
Why is a fall in police funding an issue?
[AC3.4]
A
- Less cases solved.
- Higher Crime Rates.
- Higher Staff Workloads.
- More miscarriages of Justice.
- Less investigation into crimes.
[AC3.4]
6
Q
What Cases can be used to show how effective/ineffective the Police are in achieving social control?
[AC3.4]
A
- Banaz Mahmood.
- Hillsborough Disaster.
- Stephen Lawrence.
- Wayne Couzens.
- Puppy Farm Murder.
- Child Q.
[AC3.4]
7
Q
How does the Handling of the Banaz Mahmood case show a lack of police effectivness?
[AC3.4]
A
- The Police were incompetent and had a lack of cultural awareness around honor crimes leading to several errors.
- The Police dismissed warning calls which Banaz made.
[AC3.4]
8
Q
How does the role of the Police in the Hillsborough Disaster show a lack of effectivness?
[AC3.4]
A
- Police failed to manage control of the fans at the stadium.
- Extra gate was opened without proper control or guidance from the Police.
- Delays and Poor communication to emergency services.
[AC3.4]
9
Q
What concerns were there regarding Institutional Racism by the MacPherson Report in the Steven Lawrence case?
[AC3.4]
A
- The Macpherson report criticised the police’s initial investigation into Steven’s murder.
- The Police showed prejudice and had a lack of urgency in persuing leads and suspects.
- Racial Stereotyping was found - officers making assumptions off ethnic characteristics.
[AC3.4]
10
Q
How has the Wayne Couzens case had an impact on the ability of the Police to achieve social control?
[AC3.4]
A
- It made the public loose trust in the police force.
- It has led to increased apprehension and caution of the public when encountering the police.
- It has helped to address violence agaist women and ensuring the saftey of vulnerable individuals.
[AC3.4]
11
Q
How has the Puppy Farm Murder Case highlighted issues with Policy?
[AC3.4]
A
- The effectivness of Firearm Lisencing policies were questioned as John owned a firearm even though he had a history of violence and had mental health issues.
- Highlighted strict regulations to ensure the wellfare of animals bred to prevent negalect.
[AC3.4]
12
Q
How does the Child Q case show a lack of effectiveness in the Police?
[AC3.4]
A
A 15-year-old black girl at a school was strip searched by a female police officer after being suspected to have smuggled drugs. There was a lack of an appropriate adult (someone to allow the search - e.g. parents).
[AC3.4]
13
Q
What are some strengths of the Police for being effective in achieving social control?
[AC3.4]
A
- There are several specialist departements within the police (e.g. counter terrorism, British Transport Police).
- Huge volume of cases brought to trials.
- Many of out of court disposals - police issuing fixed penalty notices to deal with low level crimes.
[AC3.4]
14
Q
What are some weaknesses of the Police for being ineffective in achieving social control?
[AC3.4]
A
- The Police can be institutionally racist.
- The Police can make serious errors in cases.
- ONS - 48% of offences with no suspect identified.
[AC3.4]
15
Q
What is the role of the CPS?
[AC3.4]
UNIT 3 - Synoptic Link.
A
- Prosecuting Criminal Cases.
- Upholding Public Interest.
- Ensuring Justice.
- Supporting Victims and Witnesses.
- “Charging Role”.
[AC3.4]
16
Q
What statistics is there to suggest the CPS are effective in achieving social control?
[AC3.4]
How many cases in Crown Court and Magistrates’ were prosecuted in 2018?
A
- In 2018, 80,000 cases were prosecuted in crown court and over 450,000 cases in magistrates’ court.
[AC3.4]
17
Q
What statistic is there to suggest the CPS are effective in achieving social control?
% of cases compelled with Code for Crown Prosecutors? [AC3.4]
A
- 97.3% of cases compelled with the Code for Crown Prosecutors.
[AC3.4]
18
Q
What statistic is there to suggest the CPS are effective in achieving social control?
Correct Charging decision statistic. [AC3.4]
A
- The correct charging decision was made in 94% of 1260 cases.
[AC3.4]
19
Q
What statistic is there to suggest the CPS are effective in achieving social control?
% Victim Satisfaction. [AC3.4]
A
- 85% victim satisfaction.
[AC3.4]
20
Q
Why is a fall in the CPS Budget an issue?
[AC3.4]
A
It leads to cuts in staff - loss of 1/3 of staff between 2010 and 2018 due to 25% budget cut. Leads to higher caseloads and staff becoming overworked leading to more miscarriages of justice and lacks of disclosure of evidence.
[AC3.4]
21
Q
What Cases can be used to show how effective/ineffective the CPS are in achieving social control?
[AC3.4]
A
- Damilola Taylor.
- Christopher Kapessa.
- Abu Hamza.
- Rape Cases.
[AC3.4]
22
Q
What fallings of the CPS are there in the Damilola Taylor Case?
[AC3.4]
A
- There was no forensic evidence to be able to incriminate the suspects.
- ‘Witness Bromley’s’ testimony was heavily relied upon and it was found she lied to the police and CPS in order to just get the monetary reward. This led to the case collapsing.
[AC3.4]
23
Q
Were the decisions made by the CPS in the Christopher Kapessa case effective?
[AC3.4]
A
- Christopher’s death was initially treated as non-suspicious by the police.
- The CPS initially decided not to bring charges against anyone who was in connection with his death. This is because they had insuffient evidence.
- After public pressure ans campaigns, the CPS reviewed the case and eventually brought charges against a teenage boy in 2021.
[AC3.4]
24
Q
Were the decisions made by the CPS in the Abu Hamza case effective?
[AC3.4]
A
- Abu Hamza was known for his extremist and involvement in terrorist activities.
- He wasn’t prosecuted in the UK, but was extradited to the US where he faced multiple terrorim-related charges.
[AC3.4]
In terms of effectivness from the UK’s point of view, they were effective as they managed to remove a know terrorist from the UK. There have been concerns about the effectivness of his extradiction from the UK and the potential of human rights violations.
25
Why has the **CPS** been **criticised** for the *handling of* **rape cases?**
| **[AC3.4]**
* **Low prosecution rates** - even though increased reporting.
* **Poor decision-making processes** - *bias* and *stereotyping* around sexual violence victims.
* **Disclosure failures** - vital evidence such as phone records not bring disclosed.
* **Underfunding and resources** - budget cuts leading to *inadequate support for victims.*
| **[AC3.4]**
26
What is the **role** of the **Judiciary**?
| **[AC3.4]**
## Footnote
*UNIT 3 - Synoptic Link.*
* Being Impartial decision makers.
* Ensuring Fair and Just trials.
* Upholding the law.
* Protecting the rights of defendants and victims.
* Not allowing bias or any form of unfair advantage.
| **[AC3.4]**
27
What **statistic** is there to suggest the **Judiciary** are *effective in achieving social control?*
| Cases with sentences increased from Court of Appeal in 2017. **[AC3.4]**
* In 2017, **137/173 cases** had **sentences increased** after going to the *Court of Appeal.*
| **[AC3.4]**
28
What **statistic** is there to suggest the **Judiciary** are *effective in achieving social control?*
| Judicial Review Applications: no. heard + in favour. **[AC3.4]**
* In 2022, there were **2400 judicial review applications**, only **89 were actually heard** with 31 being in the favour of the claimant.
| **[AC3.4]**
29
What **statistic** is there to suggest the **Judiciary** are *effective in achieving social control?*
| % of Decisions overturned and % of cases found illegal. **[AC3.4]**
* **50%** of overall decisions were **overturned.** Only **10%** of *case decisions* found to be **illegal.**
| **[AC3.4]**
30
What **Cases** can be used to show how **effective/ineffective the Judiciary** are in achieving social control?
| **[AC3.4]**
* R v Ponting (1985).
* R v Wang (2005).
* London Riots 2011 (Unduly Lenient Sentencing).
* **Lavinia Woodward.**
| **[AC3.4]**
31
Were the **judiciary** *effective* in the case of **R v Ponting?** Why?
| **[AC3.4]**
The **Judiciary** can be seen as **effective** in the case of R v Ponting because they *directed the jury to an acquital* due to a 'perverse verdict' as it was **found to be in the Public Interest** for society to know about the sinking of the ship in the Falklands war.
| **[AC3.4]**
32
Were the Judiciary effective in the case of R v Wang? Why?
| **[AC3.4]**
The court indicted the apellant for possessing offensive weapons in a public place contray to the Criminal Justice Act 1988. The **trial judge directed the jury to return a guilty verdict** as the *apellant had failed to advance a lawful defence.*
| **[AC3.4]**
33
What **types of sentence** were given in the **2011 London Riots?**
| **[AC3.4]**
**Unduly Harsh** Sentences - sentences being given to unneccesary intent.
| **[AC3.4]**
34
Can the **judiciary** in the case of the **2011 London Riots** be seen as **effective?**
| **[AC3.4]**
* **Not really**, as they **gave out Unduly Harsh sentences** to pretty much anyone involved, whether it was pretty crimes or serious crimes.
* For example, an college student named Nicolas Robinson, **stole a £3.50 case of bottled water** from a Lidl supermarket in Brixton during the London Riots in 2011. This led to him being **imprisoned for 6 months** after being caught.
| **[AC3.4]**
35
What **type of sentencing** can be seen in the **Lavinia Woodward case?**
| **[AC3.4]**
**Unduly Lenient** Sentence - sentences being given too weakly (unproportionate).
| **[AC3.4]**
36
Can the **judiciary** in the case of **Lavinia Woodward** be seen as **effective?**
| **[AC3.4]**
**Not really**, because there was **criticism** around the **judiciary showing class bias** and also giving an **unduly lenient sentence.** Lavinia *stabbed* her boyfriend with a bread knife *during a drug-fuelled attack,* but **due to her academic record aspiring to be a heart surgeon,** the judge only gave her a **10-month prison sentence** which was *suspended for 18 months.* This shows that the **judge didn't want to ruin her future,** even though she now wants to become a barrister after now studying law.
| **[AC3.4]**
37
What is the **ULSS** and what do they do?
| **[AC3.4]**
* The **Unduly Lenient Sentences Scheme** (ULSS) allows victims, prosecutors and members of the public to *apply to the Attorney General for a sentence to be reviewed.*
| **[AC3.4]**
38
What **statistics** are there for the Unduly Lenient Sentences Scheme **(ULSS)?**
* **137 out of 173 cases** referred to the Court of Appeal **had sentences increased** for being too lenient.
* This shows that *judges are reasonable with sentencing and aren't unduly lenient.*
39
What are the **key skills and characteristics** that a **judge** should have?
| **[AC3.4]**
* **Expert Legal Knowledge.**
* Good Literacy and Communication Skills.
* Able to be thorough and *pay lots of attention* (good concentration).
* **Impartiality and Independence** from other agencies.
* Metholodical and **Reasonable in sentencing.**
| **[AC3.4]**
40
What **statistics** can be used to **describe judges?**
| **[AC3.4]**
* 90.1% are white, with only **9.9% from BAME** (Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic).
* **74%** are **pivately educated or went to Oxbridge.**
* About **70%** of judges are aged **50+** and around **35%** are aged **60+.**
| **[AC3.4]**
41
What is the **role** of the **Prison Service**?
| **[AC3.4]**
## Footnote
*UNIT 3 - Synoptic Link.*
* Punishment & Rehabilitation.
* Maintenance of Public Saftey.
* Reintegration & Preparation.
* Ensuring Human Rights & Dignity.
* Providing Custodial Care for Reformation.
| **[AC3.4]**
42
What **statistics** are there to suggest the **Prison Service** are *effective in achieving social control?*
| No. of children in child custody + amount of child offences. **[AC3.4]**
* Between 2006 and 2022, the **amount of children in child custody** fell from **2800 to 500**. This links to the amount of **child offences** *(3000 down to 350 offences).*
| **[AC3.4]**
43
# *'Do Prisons work?' Clip.*
What different things can prisons be seen to destroy and create?
| **[AC3.4]**
* Invented to **destroy the criminal personality** and generate new life, whilst *creating a new-law abiding identity.*
* They can be seen to **destroy family bonds** rather than creating new connections (this is especially *detrimental for women who have just birthed a baby).*
| **[AC3.4]**
44
What **different things** in prison can be seen to **distort time** whilst **exploiting the system** and *going against social control in prison?*
| **[AC3.4]**
* **Drugs** such as Spice or Mamba can be seen to fill in the free time prisoners have as they help to **reduce loss, loneliness, isolation and alienation** by making prisoners have a thrill/ surge of energy. They can be described as 'Chemical Comforts' in prison.
| **[AC3.4]**
45
What happened in the *Riots at Winston Green* Prison in *2016*?
| **[AC3.4]**
There was **12 hours of rioting** which included *setting stairwells on fire and destroying paper records.* This took place across ***4 different wings** in this Category B* prison **making them unuseable** afterwards. It began by the **use of Mamba and Spice** (worst drug out there) which led to *uncontrollable behaviour*, but also people getting fustrated and unhappy due to **problems with health care appointments.**
| **[AC3.4]**
46
# **Graph** in Booklet:
How does the **percentage** of *inmates in prison* who agrees that **'it's easy to get legal drugs'** and **'I have felt unsafe here'** change?
| **[AC3.4]**
In 2004 around 25% of inmates in prison agreed that 'it's easy to get legal drugs' and around 33% agreed 'I have felt unsafe here'. They then both increased to 2007, but 'it's easy to get legal drugs' overtook 'I have felt unsafe here' meaning the drug problem had got increasingly worse. Since then they decreased to 2011 and then increased again both above 45%.
| **[AC3.4]**
47
# *Graph*
What **Statistic** between 2013 and 2016 tells us about **deaths in prison due to drugs?**
| **[AC3.4]**
Between *2013-2016* there were **64 deaths in prisons due to 'Spice'** (worst drug in prisons).
| **[AC3.4]**
48
What **statistics** show how **overcrowding in prison** has become a *major problem?*
| **[AC3.4]**
* *1993* - **43,000** individuals in prison.
* *2018* - **58% of prisons overcrowded.**
* *2019* - **83,000** individuals in prison **(almost double).**
| **[AC3.4]**
49
How are **prisons** seen as an **effective** means of social control?
| **[AC3.4]**
* They **work well as a general deterrance.**
* If prisoners want to rehabilitate, then it could **potentially work to lower recidivism rates.**
* Rate of recidivism *after education in prison is 34% compared to 43% without education.*
| **[AC3.4]**
50
How are **prisons** seen as an **ineffective** means of social control?
* They are unable to work very effectively as a form of rehabilitation (e.g. **short sentences don't allow enough time).**
* **Prohibited items** such as drugs and phones are **still smuggled into prisons** across the UK.
* There are **assualts on staff and other inmates a**ll the time *leading to deaths and serious injuries* from boredom and lack of trained staff.
51
What is the **role** of the **Probation Service**?
| **[AC3.4]**
## Footnote
*UNIT 3 - Synoptic Link.*
* Rehabilitation & Reintegration into society.
* Reducing the Recidivism Rate.
* Supervision & Monitoring of offenders in the community.
* Individualised support for those that need it.
* Providing a support network.
| **[AC3.4]**
52
What **statistic** is there to suggest the **Probation Service** are *effective in achieving social control?*
| % offenders completed lisence. **[AC3.4]**
* **59%** of offenders recorded as **completing** their period on **lisence.**
| **[AC3.4]**
53
What is a **CRC** and what **statistics** show **issues** with them?
| **[AC3.4]**
A **Community Rehabilitation Compnay** (CRC) is a company set up to deal with low-risk offenders. **19 out of 21 CRC's in the UK failed to meet their targets in 2018.** There are also issues with housing and supervision.
| **[AC3.4]**
54
What is the **NPS** and what **statistics** show **issues** with them?
| **[AC3.4]**
The **National Probation Service** (NPS) is a statutory criminal justice service, mainly responsible for the supervision of offenders in the community. **Only 59%** of offenders were recorded as *fully completing their period of lisence* with the NPS.
| **[AC3.4]**
55
# *Graph*
What is **Reassuring** about the **Probation Services?**
| **[AC3.4]**
From March 2016 to March 2021, the **full amount of Probation Staff** were at similar levels with totals of around 6,000/7,000. In June and September 2021, these were **found to nearly double** to around 11,500 staff.
| **[AC3.4]**
56
How is **The National Probation Service (NPS)** seen as an **effective** means of social control?
| **[AC3.4]**
* They can act as a **safe point of contact** whilst under supervision.
* They can help to **reintegrate offenders back into society** by helping to change their behaviour.
* *Rehabilitation and Restorative Justice Schemes* for example can help to **reduce recidivism rates.**
| **[AC3.4]**
57
How is **The National Probation Service (NPS)** seen as an **ineffective** means of social control?
| **[AC3.4]**
* In 2018, only 40% of offenders were supervised by the NPS and 60% by CRC's.
* **Shortages in staff lead** to ***more inexperienced staff being employed*** leading to probation services not being able to work well.
* **Increased recidivism rates** *when offenders don't want to take part.*
| **[AC3.4]**
58
What is the **role** of **Charities**?
| **[AC3.4]**
## Footnote
*UNIT 3 - Synoptic Link.*
* Supporting individuals with convictions.
* Reducing the stigma individuals face.
* Reducing Discrimination for those with criminal records.
* Promoting Rehabilitation and Reintegration.
* Providing a support network for ex-offenders.
| **[AC3.4]**
59
What **statistics** are there to suggest **Charities** are *effective in achieving social control?*
| **[AC3.4]**
Between 2000 and 2007, the *number of charities increased by around 10,000.* As of **2023**, there are **168,850 registered charities** in England and Wales.
| **[AC3.4]**
60
What is the **role** of **Pressure Groups**?
| **[AC3.4]**
## Footnote
*UNIT 3 - Synoptic Link.*
* Advocacy and Policy Change.
* Social Integration and Support.
* Reducing Discrimination for those with previous convictions.
* Empowerment.
* Raising Funds for those who need help and support with a conviction.
| **[AC3.4]**
61
Why might **Charities** have a **better chance** of **helping to rehabilitate** offenders *than a government agency* might have?
| **[AC3.4]**
* They are **independent organisations.**
* They can *understand a better link to the issues that offenders face.*
* They are **only focussed on the offenders,** nothing else to do with anyone else.
* Charities can be seen to work more closely to the side of the ex-offenders.
* **Charity workers have more time than probation officers do.**
| **[AC3.4]**
62
What is the **effectiveness of NACRO** as a charity to achieve social control?
| **[AC3.4]**
* They manage over **200 projects** and around **60,000 cases every year.**
* They work as a charity to *reduce crime and support struggling communities* in England and Wales.
* They are **effective** when working **with ex-offenders, deprived communities and disadvantaged people** to aid rehabilitation and social reintegration.
| **[AC3.4]**
63
What is the **'End Friday Release'** Campaign?
| **[AC3.4]**
* This is a campaign which was set up to **stop prison releases on Friday's.** This is because it means **offenders won't be able to access banks** until Monday mornings - weekend without accommodation and funds.
| **[AC3.4]**
64
What **issues** does the 'End Friday Release' campaign pose?
| **[AC3.4]**
* Friday releases **make offenders extremely vulnerable** without accommodation and also *could lead to further crime to be able to get food to survive.*
| **[AC3.4]**
65
What 2 Charities relating to women show the effectivness of Charities?
| **[AC3.4]**
* Women in Prison.
* WomenMATTA.
| **[AC3.4]**
66
What does the **'Women in Prison'** *Campaign* do?
| **[AC3.4]**
They help to **reduce the harm** that women face in prison *(both physical and mental)* and aim to work like a pressure group to **campaign for women to not be sent to prison for non-violent crimes.**
| **[AC3.4]**
67
What **problems** are **women** prisoners *more likely to have* than male prisoners? How is this **harmful?**
| **[AC3.4]**
Many have increased mental health issues, abuse, trauma, seperation from family, inadequate healthcare including problems with pregnancy in prison. This is especially harmful due to it effecting how a child grows-up, with a lack of parental (motherly) care.
| **[AC3.4]**
68
What **statistics** can be used for **'Women in Prison'?**
| **[AC3.4]**
* **28%** of women in prison had *no previous convictions* (over double for men).
* **More than half of women in prison say they *suffered domestic violence and 1 in 3 for sexual abuse.***
* **70%** of women prisoners have *2 or more diagnosed mental health issues.*
* **55%** of women in prison are *mothers to dependent children.*
* **54%** of women leaving prison are *reconvicted within 1 year.*
| **[AC3.4]**
69
What does the **'WomenMATTA'** *Campaign* do?
| **[AC3.4]**
They support women of all ages that have *suffered abuse or are in a crisis.* These women *fall into criminal lifestyles because of deprivation and disadvantages in childhood.* **They mainly support women who recieved prison sentences in which males didn't for the same crime.**
| **[AC3.4]**
70
What different things **limit what charities can achive?**
| **[AC3.4]**
* Charities can only **get involved** in things thats **lots are people are concerned about.**
* **Voluntary donations** are one of the only things that keeps charities going apart from grants.
* The **media** may *stigmatise or dehumanise offenders.*
* **Politics** can *influence support* to certain charities. (e.g. some celebrities are *more likely to donate or be patreons to mental health organisations* than charities).
| **[AC3.4]**
