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Ap World History > Unit 4 (Ap World History) > Flashcards

Unit 4 (Ap World History) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main subject of Unit 4

A

Maritime Empires

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2
Q

What were the three causes of European expansion

A

technological, political, and economic factors

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3
Q

What were the Technological Factors of Eurpean expansion.

A

Magnetic compass, Astrolabe & Lateen Sail

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4
Q

Magnetic Compass

A

Developed in China.

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5
Q

Astrolabe

A

From ancient Greece and the Arab world, aiding sailors in determining latitude.

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6
Q

Lateen Sail

A

Used by Arab merchants in the Indian Ocean, enabling ships to take wind from multiple directions.

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7
Q

What was a European technological Innovation?

A

Portuguese Caravel

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8
Q

Portuguese Caravel

A

Smaller than merchant ships, enabling navigation through rivers and shallow coastal areas. Fast and equipped with cannons

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9
Q

What happened with the Growth of State Power

A

European monarchs gained more power, influencing economic decisions, including interregional trade.

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10
Q

What were the European incentives for Sea-Based Routes

A

European elites desired spices from Asia, but powerful empires controlled land-based routes.
These empires increased the prices of spices.
European states sought sea-based routes to trade on their terms.

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11
Q

What were the Eurpean Economic Factors in maritime trade

A

Mercantilism and Joint Stock Companys

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12
Q

Mercantilism’s Goal

A

Goal: Maintain a favorable balance of trade (export more than import).

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13
Q

what

A

what

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14
Q

Joint Stock Company:

A

Investors could only lose their initial investment.

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15
Q

Example of a q
Joint Stock Company:

A

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

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16
Q

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

A

Chartered by the Dutch state in 1602, with a monopoly on the Indian Ocean trade. The Dutch dominated the Indian Ocean, enriching the company’s investors.

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17
Q

The passion for dominating the indian ocean led to what?

A

Rivalries among European states included attacks on trading ports and ships.

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18
Q

Who were the Main Players in Sea-Based Empires?

A

Portugal, Spain, France, the Dutch, English

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19
Q

the first European state to establish a sea-based empire

A

Portugal

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20
Q

Prince Henry the Navigator? what was his goal?

A

Brought together sailors, map makers, and shipbuilders. Goal: Gold trade in West Africa

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21
Q

Trading Post Empire

A

Established around the coast of Africa and throughout the Indian Ocean to control trade. (Prince Henry the Navigator)

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22
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

was sent to find a western route to the spice trade by sailing across the Atlantic. He found the Americas instead.

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23
Q

What did Christopher Columbus think the Americas were?

A

Asia.

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24
Q

What did spain do in the americas

A

Spain established its claim to a vast world through colonization and opened transatlantic trade, which became even more prosperous than the Indian Ocean trade.

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25
How did Spain maintain control in the Philippines
Spain established a base of operations in the Philippines and maintained control through tribute collection and coerced labor
26
What was the main goal of French exploration in the North Atlantic?
France aimed to find a North Atlantic sea route to Asia as part of its imperial ambitions.
27
Where did France establish a presence in the Americas, and what did they trade?
France established a presence in Canada and engaged in the lucrative fur trade with indigenous peoples.
28
How was the French Empire in the Americas similar to the Portuguese Empire in the Indian Ocean?
Both had small holdings focused on trade rather than large-scale colonization or conquest.
29
What event allowed England to join the imperial competition?
England joined the imperial race after Queen Elizabeth I defeated Spain's invasion attempts.
30
Who did Queen Elizabeth I commission for exploration in the Americas?
She commissioned Sir Walter Raleigh to explore and colonize in the Americas.
31
What was England’s first attempted colony in the Americas, and what happened?
Virginia on Roanoke Island was England’s first attempted colony.
32
What was England’s first successful colony in the Americas?
Jamestown, Virginia, established in 1607, was England’s first successful settlement.
33
What limited England’s ambitions in India during early expansion?
England lacked the naval power to conquer the Mughal Empire, so they settled for coastal trading posts.
34
How did the Dutch rise to power as a European empire?
After gaining independence from Spain, the Dutch became a major European power.
35
How did the Dutch challenge Spanish and Portuguese dominance in global trade?
They used their powerful fleets to challenge Spanish and Portuguese control over Indian Ocean trade.
36
What was the role of the Dutch VOC in the Indian Ocean?
The Dutch VOC (Dutch East India Company) became dominant in the Indian Ocean trade network.
37
What regions did the Dutch colonize, and what boosted their global influence?
They colonized parts of the Americas like New Amsterdam and gained power by controlling strategic locations in the Indian Ocean and monopolizing the spice trade.
38
What is the Columbian Exchange?
The Columbian Exchange was the transfer of diseases, food plants, and animals between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres—an environmental exchange separate from the triangular trade.
39
Why were indigenous Americans so vulnerable to European diseases?
Because they had been isolated for millennia and lacked immunities developed by Afro-Eurasians through long-term exposure.
40
Which diseases introduced by Europeans devastated indigenous populations?
Smallpox and measles caused massive population declines—up to 50–90%. Malaria also contributed to the devastation.
41
What is the "Great Dying"?
It refers to the catastrophic population decline of indigenous Americans due to disease introduced by Europeans.
42
What crops did Europeans bring to the Americas?
Wheat, olives, grapes, rice, bananas, and sugar were introduced by Europeans, including foods from Africa and Asia.
43
What American crops were introduced to Europe, Africa, and Asia?
Maize and potatoes, which improved diets and contributed to a population explosion after 1700.
44
What foods were introduced to the Americas by enslaved Africans?
Enslaved Africans introduced crops like okra and rice.
45
How did the Columbian Exchange influence agriculture in the Americas?
It led to plantation agriculture focused on cash cropping, especially for export markets.
46
What is cash cropping?
Cash cropping is the practice of growing crops, usually a single crop, primarily for export rather than local consumption.
47
How was sugarcane produced in the Caribbean?
It was grown on plantations using enslaved African labor and exported to Europe and the Middle East.
48
What animals did Europeans introduce to the Americas?
Pigs, sheep, and cattle were introduced, transforming local diets and farming practices.
49
Why was the horse the most significant animal brought to the Americas?
It revolutionized the lives of indigenous Plains peoples by improving buffalo hunting and mobility.
50
Q: What was Tokugawa Japan’s response to European influence?
A: Japan initially traded with Europeans but expelled Christian missionaries and limited European commerce to preserve national unity.
51
Q: What were the Fronde in France?
A: Rebellions (1648–1653) against absolutism and increased taxation, ultimately crushed, which strengthened the monarchy.
52
Q: What were maroon societies?
A: Communities of runaway slaves in the Americas who resisted colonial powers, like Queen Nanny’s group in Jamaica.
53
Q: How did African states like the Asante and Kongo benefit from maritime trade?
A: They grew wealthy and powerful by trading gold, ivory, and slaves with Europeans.
54
Q: What stayed the same in the Indian Ocean trade network despite European involvement?
A: Continued use by Asian merchants and increased trade profits for local empires like the Mughals.
55
Q: What was the main new global trade system after 1500?
A: The Atlantic system, centered on sugar, silver, and enslaved labor between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
56
Q: How did European labor systems change in the Americas?
A: They used indigenous systems like the Mita and introduced new ones like chattel slavery and indentured servitude.
57
Q: What distinguished Atlantic chattel slavery?
A: It was race-based, hereditary, and uniquely tied to Blackness.
58
Q: What were social effects of the Atlantic slave trade?
A: Gender imbalances, polygyny, and the development of Creole languages.
59
Q: How did Christianity change in the Americas?
A: Indigenous and African peoples blended Christianity with traditional beliefs, creating syncretic religions like Vodun.
60
Q: How did states respond to religious and ethnic diversity?
A: Spain and Portugal expelled Jews; the Ottoman Empire welcomed them, enriching its society.
61
Q: What was the Castas system?
A: A racial hierarchy in the Spanish Americas based on Spanish ancestry, marginalizing indigenous identities.
62
Q: How did the Qing Dynasty handle ethnic diversity?
A: Manchus reserved top bureaucratic roles for themselves, limiting Han Chinese power.
63

Ap World History (11 decks)

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