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AP Psychology > Unit 4 - Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Developmental Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

The study of how people continually develop physically, cognitively, and socially

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2
Q

Continuity (issue)

A

Is development a continuous process or does it happen in stages?

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3
Q

Nature vs. Nurture (issue)

A

How do genetics and the environment shape/influence development?

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4
Q

Stability (issue)

A

Are personality traits changeable over time?

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5
Q

Zygotes

A

A fertilized egg cell that enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division, becomes an Embryo

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6
Q

Embryo

A

A developing human person from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization

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7
Q

Fetus

A

A developing human person from 9 weeks to birth

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8
Q

Teratogens

A

Harmful substances such as chemicals, viruses, and drugs that damage an embryo or fetus during prenatal development

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9
Q

Fetal Alchohol Syndrome (FAS)

A

Physical and Cognitive abnormalities caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking

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10
Q

Rooting reflex

A

A reflex in babies that automatically turns the face towards a stimulus and causes sucking/rooting motions with the mouth

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11
Q

Habituation

A

An infant’s decreased response to a repeated stimulation

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12
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior

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13
Q

Cognition

A

Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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14
Q

Schemas

A

A concept used to organize and interpret information or experiences

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15
Q

Assimilate (part of schema’s function)

A

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas

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16
Q

Accommodate (part of schema’s function)

A

Adjusting schemas to incorporate new information or experiences

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17
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Experiencing the world through senses and actions

From ages 0-2

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18
Q

Pre-operational Stage

A

The stage during which a child learns to use language and how to represent objects with words and images, but doesn’t’ use logical reasoning
From ages 2-7

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19
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

The stage of cognitive development during which children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete concepts/events
From ages 7-11

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20
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

The stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
From ages 12-death

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21
Q

Object Permanence

A

The awareness of an object’s existence when it isn’t perceived
Develops in Sensorimotor Stage

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22
Q

Conservation

A

The principle that properties like mass, volume and quantity remain the same despite changes in form
Develops in Pre-operational Stage

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23
Q

Symbolic thinking

A

A type of thinking in which symbols or internal images are used to represent object, people, and events
Develops in Pre-operational Stage

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24
Q

Egocentrism

A

The inability to differentiate between other people’s points of view
Develops in Pre-operational Stage

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25
Q

Theory of Mind

A

The ability to infer/form ideas about mental states of other people and yourself
Develops in Pre-operational Stage

26
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

The ability to evaluate people as unfamiliar and possibly threatening

27
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional bond between two people

28
Q

Critical Period

A

A period after birth when exposure to certain events creates proper development

29
Q

Imprinting

A

The process by which animals from attachments during a critical period very early in life, doesn’t apply to people

30
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Attachment style in which infants are able to explore new environments comfortably, are upset when their caregiver leaves, and happy when their caregiver returns

31
Q

Insecure Attachment

A

Attachment style in which infants don’t explore very much in new environments, and show little emotion when their caregiver leaves or returns

32
Q

Temperament

A

A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

33
Q

Basic Trust

A

A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

34
Q

Self-Concept

A

An understanding and assessment of self

35
Q

Authoritarian parenting style

A

Imposing rules and expecting obediance

36
Q

Permissive parenting style

A

Submitting to children’s desires

37
Q

Authoritative parenting style

A

Both demanding and responsive to their children

38
Q

Adolescence

A

The transition period from childhood to adulthood

39
Q

Puberty

A

The time when people develop sexually

40
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

41
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Non-reproductive sexual characteristics

42
Q

Pre-conventional morality

A

A focus on self interest, and obeying rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete awards
Seen in little kids

43
Q

Conventional morality

A

Caring for others and upholding laws and social rules

Seen in adolescents

44
Q

Post-conventional morality

A

Using abstract reasoning, and judging actions as right because they flow from people’s self-defined basic ethical principles
Seen in young adults and onwards

45
Q

Identity

A

The sense of self

46
Q

Social Identity

A

The aspect of self concept that focuses on social memberships in groups

47
Q

Trust vs Mistrust (stage of development)

A

If needs are met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
Erikson’s 1st stage of development
Ages 0-1

48
Q

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

A

Children are focused on developing a greater sense of self-control and learn to exercise their will
Erikson’s 2nd stage of development
Ages 1-3

49
Q

Initiative vs Guilt

A

Children learn to initiate tasks and assert their power and control through social interaction
Erikson’s 3rd stage of development
Ages 3-6

50
Q

Industry vs Inferiority

A

Children develop a sense of competence and pride in their abilities by applying themselves to tasks, and forming a strong self-concept
Erikson’s 4th stage of development
Ages 6-puberty

51
Q

Identity vs Role Confusion

A

Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by exploring who they are as individuals through testing roles and integrating them to form a single identity
Erikson’s 5th stage of development
Ages teens-20’s

52
Q

Intimacy vs Isolation

A

Young adults face challenges of forming close relationships with others and gaining the capacity for intimate love
Erikson’s 6th stage of development
Ages 20’s - 40’s

53
Q

Generativity vs Self-Absorption

A

People discover a sense of contributing to the world
Erikson’s 7th stage of development
Ages 40’s - 60’s

54
Q

Integrity vs Despair

A

Reflecting on life, people may feel happy or regretful
Erikson’s 8th stage of development
Ages 60’s - death

55
Q

Intimacy

A

The ability to form close, loving relationships

56
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

A transitional period between adolescent dependance and full independence and responsible adulthood

57
Q

Menopause

A

The time of natural cessation (ending) of menstruation, also refers to biological changes a woman experiences as the ability to reproduce declines

58
Q

Cross-sectional studies

A

A study in which people of different ages are compared with each other

59
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

A research in which the same people are restudied and retested over time

60
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, increases with age

61
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

The ability to reason quickly and abstractly

62
Q

Social Clock

A

The culturally preferred timing of social events suck as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

AP Psychology (10 decks)

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