Unit 4 - Endocrine Diseases pt 2

Question 1

in dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, steroid hormones are either:

Answer 1

under secreted: adrenocortical hypo secretion disorder

over secreted: adrenocortical hyper secretion disorder

Question 2

adrenal cortex and medulla secrete

Answer 2

Adrenal cortex - secretes steroid hormones

Adrenal medulla - Secretes Catecholamines
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Question 3

Catecholamine Over-secretion

Answer 3

Pheochromocytoma
Elevated Resting Heart Rate (Tachycardia)
Elevated Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
Hyperglycemia (Glycogenolysis)

Question 4

adrenal cortex secretes hormones called __, which are synthesized by ___

Answer 4

steroids

synthesized from cholesterol nucleus

Question 5

Steroids Produced/Secreted by the Adrenal Cortex

Answer 5

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex Hormones (Estrogen and Androgen derivatives)

Question 6

Mineralocorticoids

Answer 6

Aldosterone
Regulation is via Renin (From JG cells in Kidney)

Mineralocorticoid effect
Physiologic Effect-Sodium/Water Retention (Reabsorption) and Secretion of Potassium/Hydrogen-excreted in the urine

Question 7

Glucocorticoids

Answer 7

Cortisol

• Regulation is via ACTH (From anterior pituitary gland)
• Raises Blood Glucose (from protein catabolism)
• Negative Nitrogen Balance-Protein depletion
• Mobilizes/Redistributes Fat
• Suppresses the Immune System
• Used in treating inflammatory conditions

Question 8

Sex Hormones

Answer 8

Estrogens: Feminizing Effect
Androgens: Masculinizing Effect

Question 9

hypersecretion disorder: hyperaldosteronism (primary and secondary)

Answer 9

Primary - Conn’s syndrome (Adrenal Hyperplasia)
Secondary - Renal disease

Retention of Sodium and Water (reabsorption)
Edema and Elevated Blood Pressure

Question 10

effects of hyper secretion of aldosterone

Answer 10

Hypernatremia-blood sodium levels are too high
Hypokalemia-blood potassium levels are too low
Metabolic alkalosis-blood hydrogen levels are too low

electrolyte imbalance

Question 11

Cushing’s Syndrome

Answer 11

Hypersecretion of Glucocorticoids
Primary-Cortisol secreting tumor
Secondary-Exogenous gluco- corticoids

buffalo hump
fat pads, moon face, red cheeks, large abdomen, bruising, poor muscle and wound healing

Question 12

Adrenogenital syndrome

Answer 12

hyper secretion
Anabolic effect from performance enhancing drugs
Primary-Androgen secreting tumor
Secondary-Exogenous

Question 13

Anabolic Steroids-Effects

Answer 13

increase in muscle mass
Infertility and sexual dysfunction 
Liver damage
Acne/Baldness
Left ventricular Dilated Hypertrophy
in women: baldness and facial hair growth

Question 14

Adrenocortical Hyposecretion Disorders

Answer 14

Under-secretion of steroid hormones in adrenal cortex

Question 15

Hypoaldosteronism

Primary - Addison’s disease

Answer 15

Autoimmune disease
Adrenal tuberculosis (Miliary)

Question 16

effects of addisons disease

Answer 16

Sodium loss, hypovolemic shock.
Hyponatremia-hypotension.
Hyperkalemia
Metabolic acidosis
Hypermelaninosis-elevated ACTH with Vitiligo (blotchy skin discoloration)

Question 17

pituitary disorders involve

Answer 17

growth hormone

Question 18

Acromegaly

Answer 18

• Oversecretion of GH (STH)
• GH secreting tumor- anterior pituitary
• Occurs after the epiphyseal plates have
  closed

Question 19

features of someone with acromegaly

Answer 19

prominence of the supraorbital
ridges and coarsening of facial features.
enlarged hands
enlarged tongue

Question 20

Gigantism

Answer 20

Increased GH occurs before closure of the epiphyseal plates thus causing increase height and size.

Question 21

T3 & T4 controls ___

Answer 21

Controls the rate of metabolic processes in the body
Influences physical/cognitive development

over or under secretion of T3 and T4

Question 22

Thyroxine (T4)/Triiodothyronine (T3) synthesis and secretion

Answer 22

Regulated by TSH-from the Anterior portion of the pituitary gland

Question 23

Physiologic effects of T4/T3

Answer 23

inc Metabolic rate
inc Cardiac excitability (resting tachycardia)
inc Blood pressure
inc GI motility, Diarrhea
     Weight loss
     Hyperactive DTR’s

Question 24

Grave’s disease

Answer 24

Hyperthyroidism-increased T4/T3
Autoimmune

Increased Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Resting Tachycardia
Increased GI Motility, Diarrhea
Increased DTR Reaction Time
Weight Loss
Fine Tremor
Exophthalmos
Hair Loss (Alopecia)
Heat Intolerance

Question 25

Exophthalmos

Answer 25

very large bulging eyes

Question 26

Myxedema

Answer 26

Hypothyroidism-Decreased T4/T3 ``` Decreased BMR Resting Bradycardia, decreased myocardial excitability Low blood pressure Slow DTR reaction time Reduced GI motility, Constipation Weight gain ```

Question 27

Myxedematous face

Answer 27

Facial “puffiness” | large colloid goiter

Question 28

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Answer 28

Autoimmune Thyroiditis Common Cause of Hypothyroidism very enlarged thyroid glands on front of neck - goiter

Question 29

Cretinism

Answer 29

hypothyroidism Congenital Deficiency of thyroid hormones Stunted growth Mental handicap

Question 30

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Answer 30

Regulates Calcium in the Blood Increased PTH-Blood Ca++ rises Decreased PTH-Blood Ca++ falls*

Question 31

PTH Undersecretion

Answer 31

Blood calcium decreases Tetany with carpal spasm Risorial Grin Respiratory arrest

Question 32

PTH Oversecretion

Answer 32

Blood calcium increases | Osteoporosis develops

Question 33

Females-GU Dysfunction

Answer 33

``` Endometriosis Uterine fibroid tumors Uterine, ovarian, and breast cancer Ectopic pregnancy Ovarian cystic disease Pelvic floor dysfunction Uterine prolapse and fibrocystic disease ```

Question 34

Male GU Dysfunction

Answer 34

``` Prostatitis Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Prostate and testicular cancer Impotence Epididymitis Orchitis (testicular inflammation) ```