Unit I - Tissue and Necrosis

Question 1

pathophysiology

Answer 1

altered function resulting in disease, injury, or death

Question 2

apoptosis

Answer 2

natural/programmed cell death

Question 3

blebbing

Answer 3

changes to the cell membrane such as loss of membrane asymmetry and attachment, shrinkage, fragmentation

Question 4

necrosis

Answer 4

traumatic cell death that results from irreversible cellular injury - so badly damaged that it’s going to die

Question 5

lipofuscin deposits

Answer 5

pigment that develops in aging cells (brown spots on skin) from precipitation of unsaturated fats - if not metabolized properly it deposits in different parts of the body (eye)

encroach on the cell nucleus and affect wound healing

Question 6

Beta-Amyloid protein

Answer 6

• form plaque in the CNS that kills neurons

* **main component of certain deposits found in brains of patients with Alzheimer’s

Question 7

Tau protein

Answer 7

stabilize axonal microtubules
(found only in neurons) - they would be tangled without it, so this unfolds them and they are no longer protected
*also a cause of Alzheimer’s

Question 8

free radicals

Answer 8

oxygen molecules that have given up a pair of electrons

borrow electrons from other tissues, which damages the tissues - contributes to aging/DNA mutations

Question 9

Telomere aging clock theory

Answer 9

• after dividing so many times, the ends of chromosomes become damaged

free radicals try to replace lost electrons, so they borrow from other tissue molecules, resulting in DNA and tissue damage, accelerating the aging process

Question 10

other factors that contribute to cellular aging

Answer 10

sedentary life style, obesity increased fat cells, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, decreased cardiac performance

Question 11

2 outcomes to cell injurious event

Answer 11

reversible (sub-lethal)

irreversible (lethal) - necrosis

Question 12

hydronic change
(cloudy swelling)

Answer 12

reversible

accumulation of fluid inside the cell due to failure of the NA+K+ pump

Question 13

intracellular accumulations (fatty change)

Answer 13

reversible
common in liver disease
hepatocytes become infiltrated with fat and form fatty inclusion bodies

Question 14

cirrhosis/ Fatty liver disease

Answer 14

reversible
liver degeneration
associated with chronic alcohol abuse and/or hepatitis

Question 15

microscopic changes in necrosis

Answer 15

nucleus fragmentation
cytoplasm stains red
mitochondria enlarged
cell membrane becomes irregular
cellular edema, lysosomes release enzymes that dissolve cells that causes inflammation, NA/K pump fails

Question 16

systemic change of necrosis - trophic response

Answer 16

general decrease in blood supply to a body part

scaly, cold, shiny, alopecia, puffy, dec pedal pulse

Question 17

Fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 17

• occurs on the endothelial lining of blood vessels and is caused by an accumulation of proteins in the plasma and cellular debris
• form “sludge” deposits on vessel

**caused by: autoimmune vasculitis or organ transplant rejection

Question 18

Coagulative necrosis

Answer 18

• small area of general ischemia
• tissue firm and red, resembles egg white after boiling
• protein becomes denatured

ex) cystic acne

Question 19

Liquefactive/ Colliquative necrosis

Answer 19

lysosomes liberate enzymes; results in tissue breakdown and liquefaction

Question 20

Caseation necrosis

Answer 20

type of tissue destruction that is only partial and complete
“cheesy” appearance
caused by TB
“keep cheese in the cold CASE”

Question 21

Fatty necrosis

Answer 21

normal functioning tissue that is replaced by fat

gives the tissue a “chalk” appearance

Question 22

Pathologic tissue (dystrophic) calcification

Answer 22

necrotic tissue binds calcium from the body fluids to form histoliths (stones embedded in tissues); hardening

Question 23

common example of pathologic tissue

Answer 23

myositis ossifications

may occur in injury to the thigh muscles or tuberculosis or atherosclerosis

Question 24

cellular senescence

Answer 24

aging of cells

Question 25

lack of apoptosis can cause

Answer 25

syndactyly (webbed)

Question 26

age related DNA copy mutations

Answer 26

As these cells divide over and over, there can be DNA mutations that can cause diseases

Question 27

aging in CNS

Answer 27

senile atrophy: losing brain tissue, starts in hippocampus

Question 28

Lewy Bodies

Answer 28

proteins produced by neurons - begin producing alpha-synuclein aggregate that causes dementia (hallucinate); can only diagnose w/ autopsy parkinson's?

Question 29

Genetic pre-mature aging (Progeria)

Answer 29

rapidly aging system because of a cell mutation

Question 30

signs of aging

Answer 30

Loss of skin elasticity Decline in resistance to infections Atherosclerosis—lipid plaques DNA Mutation—Neoplasia

Question 31

mechanisms and manifestations of cellular injury

Answer 31

``` Infectious agents Immune reactions Genetic factors Nutritional factors Physical factors Chemical factors ``` Often injuries are reversible and sub-lethal so cells can repair themselves through regeneration If severe enough and of great magnitude, then cells may die and repair has to occur via replacement with nonfunctional or scar tissue