Unit 5

Question 1

Interstate Commerce Commission

Answer 1

created to regulate commercial activity that states could no
- first federal regulatory board to supervise the affairs of railroads, investigate complaints, and issue cease and desist orders when roads acted illegally

Question 2

Andrew Carnegie

Answer 2

Scottish-American industrialist who led the expansion of the American steel industry. Wrote a famous article called The Gospel of Wealth which called the rich to use their wealth to improve society rather than direct charity

Question 3

J.D. Rockefeller

Answer 3

American industrialist and philanthropist who was the founder of standard oil company, which dominated oil industry and was first great U.S. business trust. Made many philanthropic institutions and was responsible for the for founding of the Unversity of Chicago. He ended oil competition where he gained control of 90% of the oil refining in the country.

Question 4

J.P Morgan

Answer 4

American financier, banker, philanthropist who funded Edison General electric and merged it with another company to create General Electric. Also merged Andrew Carnegie’s steel company with others to create United States Steel Corporation. he helped create modern American economy, after Panic of 1893 by organizing many bankrupt railroads and industrial companies.

Question 5

Vertical Integration

Answer 5

business that hold control over every phrase of the process of the business. Starting with raw material to transport manufacturing and distribution. This makes supplies more reliable and improved efficiency.

Question 6

Horizontal Expansion

Answer 6

Act of buying out competing oil refineries, as seen in 1880 with Rockefeller oil company

Question 7

Gilded Age

Answer 7

Age between Civil War and World War 1 when the American economy grew rapidly and individuals were able to use monoplies to amass great wealth. Marked by political corruption and shady business deals.

Question 8

Knights of Labor

Answer 8

founded in 1869 as a secret society of garnet workers in Philadelphia but emerged as national movement in 1878. They wanted to reform labor and intended to set up factories and shops that would lead to cooperative commonwealth. It marked the beginning of union activism as workers rallied for shorter days and equal pay for men and women.

Question 9

Sherman Anti-trust act

Answer 9

Law that U.S. congress passed to prohibit trusts, monoplies, and cartels. Purpose was to promote economic wellfare and competitiveness. Passed in 1890.

Question 10

The Grange

Answer 10

first successful national farming organization in 1867. The idea was farmers benefited from each other’s experiences and they opposed manufacturing and processing monoplies that fixed grain and livestock prices at a disadvantage to farmers.

Question 11

Social Darwinism

Answer 11

believed in survival of the fittest. The idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are better.Used to justify imperialism, racism, and social inequality.

Question 12

Great Railroad Strike (1877)

Answer 12

first major railroad strike, which paralyzed the country’s commerce and led governors in ten states to mobilize 60,000 members to reopen rail traffic

Question 13

Haymarket affair

Answer 13

A violent confrontation between police and labour protesters in Chicago on May 4, 1886. Dramatized the labour movement’s struggle for recognition

Question 14

Social Gospel

Answer 14

prior to WW1 the social gospel was the religious wing of the progressive movement which aimed to combat injustice suffering and poverty sich as better housing and living conditions for the urban poor through religious doctrine

Question 15

Election of 1880

Answer 15

Republican James A. Garfield defeated Winfield Scott Hancock of the Democratic party. first elections after reconstruction era.

Question 16

Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

Answer 16

provided federal government jobs be awarded on basis of merit and that government employees be selected through competitive exams. Also made it unlawful for to fire for political reasons

Question 17

Boss Rule

Answer 17

New immigrants who couldn’t speak English turned to urban bosses which won votes for their cause by bribing immigrants by giving them food and giving them jobs.

Question 18

Jacob Riis

Answer 18

famous for using photography to document the incredibly poor conditions of many impoverished communities in early 20th century. Famous for the “How the Other Half Live” which shocked middle class Americans and helped raise money.

Question 19

Liberty of Contract

Answer 19

Employees’ liberty to contract work under the most oppressive conditions without interference from the state, government did not interfere.

Question 20

Homestead Strike

Answer 20

(1892) violent strike at the Homestead works in Pittsburgh after a decision to cut wages by 25%. Strike ended with the destruction of Amalgamated association of iron and steel workers, largest craft union.

Question 21

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Answer 21

U.S. supreme court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that required separate but equal facilities for Blacks and Whites. It provided legal justification for segregation on trains, buses,…

Question 22

Populists

Answer 22

the left wing who wanted to curtail the power of corporate and financial establishments. Wanted to represent the interest of farmers and laborers in 1890’s. Wanted free coinage and silver, public ownership of railroads, and a graduated federal income tax

Question 23

Chinese Exclusion Acts

Answer 23

set of laws that barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented Chinese who already lived here from citizenship.Passed in 1882, renewed 1892, made permanent in 1902 but repealed in 1943.

Question 24

William Jennings Bryan

Answer 24

politician who was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic party. Did not support the gold standard, railroads, or banks. Instead supporter of the populist dem, who wanted free silver, anti-imperialism…

Question 25

Free silver

Answer 25

A major policy issue in the late 19th century advocates for free silver, and wanted inflation in monetary policy in using free coinage of silver. They wanted Money to be added to the money supply which was backed by gold. Adding money supply would have ended deflation and caused inflation instead.

Question 26

Booker T. Washington

Answer 26

educator who urged blacks to better themselves through education and economic advancements rather than trying to attain equal rights. In 1881 he founded the first formal school for blacks, The Tuskegee institution

Question 27

Nativism

Answer 27

the belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners, a movement based on hostility to immigrants

Question 28

McKinley Tarrif

Answer 28

(1890) tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50% making them the highest tariff on imports in the U.S.. Intent was to protect American industries from foreign competitions, but hurt farmers by raising prices of farm equipment.

Question 29

Pullman Strike

Answer 29

widespread railroad strike and boycott that severely disrupted rail traffic in the Midwest in 1894. The federal governments response to the unrest marked the first time that an injunction was used to break a strike.

Question 30

Coxey's Army

Answer 30

A protest march by unemployed workers led by an Ohio businessman Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of the four year economic depression.

Question 31

Pinkertons

Answer 31

During the labor unrest of the late 19th century and early 20th century, Businessman hired Pinkerton agency to provide agents that would infiltrate unions to supply gaurds to keep strikers and suspected unionist out of factories. They built a successful trackrecord by establishing the first criminal database.

Question 32

AFL

Answer 32

American Federation of Labor was a union of skilled laborers formed by Samuel Gompers in 1866. One of the most powerful unions in the U.S. and helped improve hours, working conditions, and wages for skilled workers.

Question 33

Farmers Alliance

Answer 33

The first national organization of farmers which led to creation of the populist party. Fought against dominance of the railroads & manufacturers. Main goal was to form cooperatives such as retail stores and marketing organizations to give producers more influence in buying their supplies and marketing their products

Question 34

Yellow Journalism

Answer 34

style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts. One of the many factors that helped push the U.S. and Spain into war in Cuba.

Question 35

William Hearst/Joseph Pulitzer

Answer 35

William Hearst was publisher of New York Journal and his rival Joesph Pulitzer of New York World are credited with the creation of Yellow Journalism and are credited with leading USA into the Spanish-American War

Question 36

Alfred Mahan

Answer 36

In 1890, he was a lecturer in naval history who published the influence of the sea power upon history, a revolutionary analysis in the naval power as a factor in the rise of British Empire.

Question 37

Hawaii/ Queen Liliukalani

Answer 37

Born in Honolulu and daughter of high chief was the first sovereign queen and the last monarch of Hawaii. Assumed throne in 1891, worked to restore power to the Hawaiian monarchy, in 1892 she passed the act to protect public lands from privatization. Annexation of Hawaii extended U.S. territory into the pacific and made them powerful.

Question 38

U.S.S Maine

Answer 38

Armored Cruiser commissioned into the U.S. navy in 1898 and sent to protect American interests during Cuban independence movement against Spain. Ship exploded and sank of Feb 15th 1898. It united states passion against Spain and led to naval blockade of Cuba and declaring war.

Question 39

Platt Amendment

Answer 39

barred Cuba from making treaties with other nations and gave the U.S. the right to interfere in Cuba to preserve independence. It also requires Cuba to permit America to have naval station in their territory. This basically leaves Cuba with only nominal political independence.

Question 40

"Splendid Little War"/ John Hay

Answer 40

secretary of state John Hay described the Spanish-American war as the splendid little war, as it was brief lasting only a few months. The Treaty of Paris of 1898 officially ended the Spanish-American War, U.S. emerged from conflict as world power.

Question 41

Immigration Restriction League

Answer 41

American nativist and anti-immigration organization founded by Charles Warren, Robert DeCourcy and Prescott F. Hall in 1894. Purpose was to educate people to what the founders saw as serious problems in the immigration system and force U.S. governments to reform of that system.

Question 42

Rough Riders

Answer 42

most famous of all units fighting in Cuba, First U.S. volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt.

Question 42

Philippine War

Answer 42

War between the U.S. and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899 to 1902, continuation of Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines became a unincorprated territory of the U.S. and later a U.S. commonwealth

Question 42

Open Door Policy

Answer 42

First initiated in 1899, with a follow-up missive in 1900—was significant in its attempt by the United States to establish an international protocol of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and to support China's territorial and administrative integrity.

Question 43

Anti-Imperialist League

Answer 43

on June 5, 1898 the anti-imperalist formed to fight U.S. annexation of Philippines citing a variety of reasons such as economic, legal, and racial reasons.

Question 44

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Answer 44

Treaty that concluded Spanish-American commissioners were sent to Paris on Oct 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after 6 months. From the treaty America got Guam and Puerto Rico and paid 20 million dollars for Philippines and Cuba was freed from Spain

Question 45

Panama Canal Zone

Answer 45

territory in central Panama governed by the U.S. for the operation of the Panama canal. the canal zone was created under the Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty, signed in 1903 which gave the U.S. the right to build the canal and control the canal zone as if it were U.S. territory, and annex more land if needed more the canal.

Question 46

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

Answer 46

U.S. would intervene as a last resort to ensure that other nations in the western Hemisphere fulfilled their obligations to international creditors and did not violate the rights of the U.S. or invite foreign aggression to the detriment of the entire body of American nations.

Question 47

Insular cases

Answer 47

After the Spanish-American war, the U.S. acquired the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines from Spain. The insular cases were supreme court heard in early 1900's to determine how the U.S. would handle it's legal relationship with the new territories. Ultimately determined that Constitution and American rights did not have to apply to all American colonies.