1. It is on the same chromosome and close 2. Moves as a group 3. Violates the law of Independent Assortment - defies ratios

Unit 5 Flashcards by Samantha Flottman

Diploid

a cell that has 2n

n means a set of chromosomes

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Haploid

a cell that has n - like sex cells

one set of chromosomes

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Homologous Pairs

2 pairs of the same chromosome

Example:
Hair color chromosome from mom
Hair color chromosome from dad

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gametes

sex cells

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autosomes

non-sex cells

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zygote

1 haploid from mom + 1 haploid from dad

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Gene

the coding for a trait

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allele

One homologous pair

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locus

the specific part which codes for the specific trait

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Homozygous

the homologous pairs are the same

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Heterozygous

the homologous pairs are different

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Genotype

the code

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Phenotype

what you see

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What two groups are genes in?

Dominant
Recessive

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The Law of Dominance

Dominant traits are dominant to recessive traits

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The Law of Segregation

Only one of each parent’s homologues pairs are given to the child

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The Law of Independent Assortment

Genes are sorted into gametes independently from each other

If there are two UNLINKED genes involved:
Ratio = 9:3:3:1

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Linked Genes

It is on the same chromosome and close
Moves as a group
Violates the law of Independent Assortment - defies ratios

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What causes Linked Genes?

Being Close together - they cannot recombinant

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Recombination Frequency Equation

{(number of recombinations) / (total number)} x 100%

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Crossover is proportional to distance

Repeat

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Map Units

a unit of measurement for spatial data in a map or scene, and a unit for measuring genetic linkage

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Centimorgans

a map unit

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Sex - Linked Traits

The gene is on the X chromosome and generally recessive, making males more suseptable

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Incomplete Dominance

A mixed trait

Codominance

you can see two distinct traits

Polygenic Inheritance

A single gene has a small impact on a trait

Non - nuclear Inheritance

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts, which is from the mother, contain genetic material

pedigree

a genetic tree

phenotype plasticity

even though two beings may have the same genotype, the phenotype will differ due to environmental effects

gondas

sex organs

testes

Male Sex Organs

Ovaries

Female Sex Organs

Meosis

The duplication of sex cells - which happens during puberty

What is Meiosis also known as?

Gametogenesis

What are the two types of Gametogenesis

1. Spermatogenesis - male 2. Oogenesis - female Oogenesis has 1 ovum and 3 polar bodies, which die

stamen

the male reproductive organ of flower

carpel

the female reproductive organ of flower

Cross Test

In order to know what the genotype is, you breed it with a homozygous recessive alleles

Gene Environment Interaction

(Genes) + (Environment) = (Behavior)

Continuous

A whole bunch of variation - not just tall and short

Complex

more than one factor determining a certain trait - they add up

Incomplete penetrence

a term used to describe when some people with a genetic mutation that causes a disease do not develop the disease

Variable expressivity

a genetic phenomenon where individuals with the same genetic condition have different signs and symptoms

aneupoly

having an abnormal number of chromosomes

what are the two types of aneupoly

1. monosomy - missing homologous partner 2. trisomy - an extra homologous partner

Why does weird cells occur?

Sperm cells might be defective - Meiosis did not separate right

Types of Rearrangement of Chomosomes (4)

1. Duplication 2. Deletion 3. inversion 4. translocation

what is the affect of a weird chromosome

Down Syndrome

What causes variation of species?

Only one of the homologous of the parents is given to the child - fertilization, half an allele is given to each of the four daughter cells

Product Rule

Two Independent traits SIMUTANEOUSLY

Sum Rule

Two independent traits either/or

Gametogenesis

Reproduction of sex cells

Oogenesis

gametogenesis in Females

Spermatogenesis

gametogenesis in Males

Non-Disjunction

Failure of chromosomes fully separating- causing too many or too few cells

What are Barr Body?

In a female XX, one X RANDOMLY chromosome condenses and deactivates and is handed down to a daughter cell

somatic cells

body, NONsex cells

Monohybrid Cross

ONE gene is being studied

Dihybrid Cross

TWO genes are studied - so you must make all different kinds of combinations of those two genes - both dominant and recessive

What is the ratio of two heterozygous traits crossed?

Dominant: One D One R: One R One D: Recessive 9:3:3:1

What is special about meiosis?

VARIATION

What are some factors that contribute to variation in meoisis?

1. lining up randomly in prophase I 2. crossing over 3. chromosomes randomly assort into four daughter cells

Meiosis II is pretty much...

Mitosis

synapsis

the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis

tetrad (bivalent)

the four sister chromatids that are held together into two parts

translocation

A genetic change in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

Unit 5 Flashcards

(67 cards)