Unit 6 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
plasmids
A
the DNA of the prokaryote cell
2
Q
How are Prokaryotes different from Eukaryotes?
A
- No nucleus, it has a plasmid
- No membrane bound organelles
- They are REALLY small
3
Q
capsule
And its roles (2)
A
A sticky outermost layer made up of polysacchrides that
1. keeps it from drying out
2. helps stick to other organisms
4
Q
what is the cell wall (prokaryotes) made of and used for?
A
- peptidoglycan
- protection
5
Q
what type of lipid layer does some archaea have?
A
Lipid MONOlayer
6
Q
what type of appendages are there for a prokaryote? (3)
A
Fimbriae
flagellum
sex pilus
7
Q
fimbriae
A
an appendage used for adhesion
8
Q
flagellum
A
an appendage used to help movement
9
Q
sex pilus
A
an appendage used for DNA sharing
10
Q
what are the components of a Prokaryote? (7)
A
- Plasmids
- Capsule
- Cell wall
- Plasma Membrane
- Fimbriae
- flagellum
- sex pilus
11
Q
topoisomerase
A
enzyme which unwinds the double helix of the DNA
12
Q
Helicase
A
brakes the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases
13
Q
Polymerase III
A
enzyme responsible for transcribing for small RNAs like tRNA
14
Q
DNA Primase
A
Enzyme that synthesizes RNA primer - starting the translation
15
Q
DNA ligase
A
an enzyme that joins Okazaki Fragments
16
Q
RNA primase
A
an enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers to initiate DNA replication
primer is EXTENSIVELY used in lagging,
but only one is needed for leading
17
Q
Lagging strand
A
The strand during transcription that is binding toward the five strand
18
Q
Leading strand
A
The strand during transcription that is binding toward the three strand
19
Q
Okazaki Fragment
A
short DNA sequences that are created during DNA replication when the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously
20
Q
How fast does transcription go?
A
About 1,000 nucleotides/sec
21
Q
Which type of DNA replication is accurate?
A
Semi-conservative
22
Q
Replication fork
A
a Y-shaped structure formed during DNA replication where the double helix of DNA is split into two single strands
23
Q
Replication bubble
A
the bubble like shape caused by replication of DNA
24
Q
single strand binding protein
A
keeps the base from coming back together
25
Sliding clamp
keeps the polymerase III in place during replication
26
DNA polymerase I
RNA primer is replaced by DNA during DNA replication
27
What are the steps to create a protein from DNA?
1. Transcription
2. mRNA is PROCESSED
3. Translation happens with tRNA
4. Protein!
28
Transcription
DNA - pre mRNA - mRNA
29
where does Transcription happen?
the Nucleus
30
promoter
a specific DNA sequence located at the beginning of a gene that acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase
31
template
the NON-CODING strand that the RNA binds to during transcription
32
terminatior
the DNA sequence which stops the RNA replication
33
Introns
Nonsense parts in the pre-mRNA
34
Exons
the important parts of the pre-mRNA
35
Spliceosome
eliminates introns during pre-mRNA processing
36
What are the two parts of proccessing?
a. protection
b. splicing
37
What is the protection part of pre-mRNA processing?
5' cap is added
3' polymerase A cap is added
38
RNA interference
a cellular mechanism that uses the gene's own DNA sequence to turn it off - also known as silencing
39
What is alternative splicing? (!)
mix and match of exons to make different kinds of proteins
40
What are the steps of Transcription?
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
41
What are the three steps to Translation?
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
42
tRNA
the protein sites
43
What are the three sites on the tRNA?
A site
P site
E site
44
Anticodon
the code against the mRNA which codes for the protein
45
rRNA
the ribosome in the cytoplasm that has the tRNA which synthesizes proteins
46
start codon
AUG
47
end codon
UAA, UAG, UGA
48
Where does Transcription, Translation, and processing happen for Prokaryotes?
All in the Cytoplasm
49
Where does Transcription, Translation, and processing happen for Eukaryotes?
Transcription and processing - nucleus
Translation - Cytoplasm
50
What is in between each Coding region and the 3' cap and 5' cap in a eukaryotic?
NCR - Non coding region
51
What does the Prokaryotes have instead of a 3' cap or a 5' cap?
a Shine dalgarno sequence, that acts as a "ribosome binding site"
52
What is Central Dogma?
The process from
DNA - RNA - Protein
53
Gene Expression
the process by which a cell uses the information in a gene to create a functional product, such as a protein or non-coding RNA
54
Primary strand
the single-stranded RNA strand that is produced when a gene is transcribed from DNA
55
Is Adeinine a purine or pyramidine?
purine
56
Is Thymine a purine or pyramidine?
pyrmadine
57
Is Cytosine a purine or pyramidine?
pyramadine
58
Is guanine a purine or pyrimidine?
purine
59
Is uracil a purine or pyrimidine?
pyrimidine
60
Heterochromatin
condensed DNA
61
euchromatin
loose, non-condensed DNA
62
RNAi
an RNA which marks either protein or mRNA for destruction
examples - siRNA miRNA
63
Post-Transcriptional Regulation
RNAi tags RNA so protein not is created
64
Post-Translation Regulation
RNAi tags Protein so it's either destructed or not used
65
Morphogenesis
Not all cells are the same, meaning some must be muscle cells, heart cells, etc.
Therefore, some traits are turned off in its early stages by homeotic genes, known as HOX genes
66
histone
protein in eukaryotic cells that the chromosomes of DNA wraps around for structure
67
Histone Acetletransfuse
an enzyme that uncoils the DNA so transcription takes place
68
Histone Deacetylase
an enzyme that could the DNA so it cannot go through transcription
69
Methylation
Completely inactivines the DNA by
1. physically imedeing
2. MBD - turns gene off
70
What is the result of Methylation?
Gene silencing
71
Why do we want to silence genes?
Because we want some cells to be nose cells, others to be blood, etc. etc.
72
What does an activator do?
enhance interaction between RNA polymerase and the promoter
73
enhancer
enhances transcription
74
General Transcription factors
Activates Transcription
75
Repressors and co-repressers
binds to operator and impedes RNA polymerase from binding
76
Inducer
causes Repressor to detach
77
Scilencers
RNA polymerase is not bound to promoter if SILENCER and REPRESSOR bind
78
What is Cellular Specialization?
Specializing a Cell for its own job
79
What are the two types of cues for turning on genes vs. turning them off
1. Internal
2. External
80
What are Non-Coding RNA?
RNA that does not partake in making protein directly.
81
MicroRNA (miRNA)
It is used in Gene Silencing
82
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
the part where tRNA is found do translation
83
tRNA
1. it is electronically charged
2. it snags the amino acids from the cytoplasm
3. shuttles to the ribosome
4. peptide bonds!
needs ATP
84
snoRNA
It is responsible for methylation, which alters DNA expression
85
snRNA
processes pre-RNA and are the splicesomes
86
Inducers
activates the activator
87
Activator
make more transcription
88
mutation
the effect of an incorrectly produced protein
89
Why do mutations occur? (3)
1. Translation - wrong protein is made
2. Transcription - wrong base pair in RNA
3. DNA - wrong base on a DNA
90
Where do mutations come from?
1. Inheritance
2. Spontaneous - environment, random, etc.
91
Mutagens
chemical or physical substances or events that causes genetic mutation
92
endogenous mutagens
mutagens from inside the cell
93
exogenous mutagens
mutagens from outside the cell
94
Carcinogens
Exogenous mutagens that causes cancer - increases harmful cell division
95
Can mutations be good and/or bad?
YES!
They can be "good" or "bad" or both for the bacteria
96
What are the two main groups of mutations called?
1. Base substitutions
2. Gene rearrangements
97
What are the three types of base substitutions and what do they do?
1. Nonsense Mutations - a wrong nucleotide, causing the a premature stop codon
2. Missense Mutations - where ONE nucleotide is off, messing up the entire mRNA
3. Silent Mutations - a mutation that does not cause any change in the protein
98
What are the six types of Gene Rearrangement mutations?
1. Insertion - Frame shift
2. Deletion - Frame shift
3. Duplication
4. Inversions
5. Translocations - one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome
6. Transposons - literally some DNA that jumps around
99
What are the four ways Genetic Variation occurs in Prokaryotes
1. Transformation
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation
4. Transposal Elements
100
How does transformation cause Genetic Variation?
Floating DNA in Prokaryotes is caught in with the rest of the DNA - its like adoption
101
How does transduction cause Genetic Variation?
Virus moves from one Bacterium to another bacterium - its like accidently kidnapping
102
How does conjugation cause Genetic Variation?
Donated DNA is accepted by the Prokaryotes
103
How does Transposal Elements cause Genetic Variation?
jumping DNA is accepted by the Prokaryotes
104
Biotechnology
Taking DNA from one genome to give to another genome
105
How do we do Biotechnology?
DNA sequencing, which is the cutting and pasting of DNA
106
nucleosome
bunched up histones
107
Does RNA polymerase need a primer?
Nuhuh
108
What is the start point of transcription called?
Start Site
109
telomeres
the are of unimportant DNA sequence that does NOT get coded - it is just there so there's room for the polymerase to bind
therfore it gets shorter and shorter
110
polycistronic transcipt
one gene codes ALL proteins
111
monocistronic transcript
one gene codes one protein
112
wobble pairing
in mRNA, base pairing is SET in stone
in tRNA, (generally the 3rd base), some non-complementary bases do bind
113
epigenetic changes
modification of histone protein - which control the winding of the DNA
114
operon
cluster of genes controlled by one promoter
115
what are the four parts of an operon
1. structural gene
2. promoter gene
3. operator
4. regulatory gene
116
structural gene in an operon
the part where the info that we WANT is
117
promoter gene in an operon
RNA polymerase binds here
118
operator in an operon
the place where repressor/activator binds
119
regulatory gene
the place where the repressor protein information for itself is
120
inducer for an operon
trigger that turns the operon on or off
121
repressible operon
an operon which is usually on, but turns off due to inducer
122
inducible operon
an operon which is usually off, but turn on due to inducer
123
Viruses
nonliving agents - needs host cell - that seek to replicate and spread
124
What are the two stages that viruses CAN have?
1. lyctic cycle
2. lysogenetic cycle
125
lyctic cycle
uses the host cell to replicate
eventually the host cell ruptures
126
lysogenetic cycle
virus inserts itself into host's genome
this can lead to transduction
127
envelope virus
has a lipid membrane
128
retrovirus
a specific type of virus that uses reverse transcriptase
129
Transduction vs. Transformation vs. Transfection
Transduction - accidently picking up of bacterial DNA to a cell's DNA
ACCIDENTLY PICKING UP SOMEONES CHILD
Transformation - A cell deliberately taking in floating DNA to its genome
KIDDNAPPING
Transfection - purposefully trying to add DNA to a eukaryotic cell's genome
FORCED ADOPTION
130
antisense strand is...
non-coding
